Hitlers Rise to Power

A Comparative Essay on Historical Schools The Annales and redness Historiography Historical Interpretation, as a term, is a skill that historians acquire to describe human events. As historians gather information regarding the past and analyze the artifacts, they be go forth with the task to explain their findings to the masses. For many years, profound members of gild were used as primary sources for historical events. But as the world turned, historians began to question the grounds of which these facts stood. How are the rulers and priest to be the only true source of widespread events?Such questions gave birth to trains of historical interpretation. These schools became well- known on their scrutiny of historical facts to the point where record became a specialized field with various focal points, such as linguistics, agriculture, cliometrics, culture, and many more. This essay will compare the analytical styles of the Annales and the Marxists historians. Although these sc hools recognize the superstructure of socioeconomic relationships, they agree different approaches and motivations for their historical analyses which has changed the way biography is studied.The Annales School is a group of historians who innovated historical research. They focused on properly documenting cut level prior to the French Revolution. Prior to their research, french archives was dominated by Marxism and was made up mostly from the vantage point of the leaders and other well known figures. The Annales modishly opposed Marxism due to its tendency to discredit the natural causes and several(prenominal)ism that also play a major part in history. However, the Annales countered Marxisms monopolizing ways by presenting their soci all(prenominal)y scientific approach.The Annales was founded by ii Strasburg professors, who taught history and it was through their connection that they were able to become a school of historical interpretation. Co-founders, Lucien Febvre an d Marc Bloch developed a pedantic journal that incorporated their approach and was published in 1929. This groundbreaking article was titled Annales dHistoire Economique et loving which was subtle in its initial push for change in historical documentation. As they began this journey as the Annales, they opted for historians to examine the state of France as it is and then deduce history rather than judge the present based on the past.Although there works are one in the same, they had different approaches that worked well together. Bloch contributed an agrarian and comparative perspective, while Febvres contribution was geared more toward combining history and the social sciences. In the Annales School An Intellectual History, Andre Burguiere states the act of placing the present in perspective by setting it against what the past can teach us does not lead to skepticism but to a spirit of tolerance and responsibility. This tells us that the Annales felt as though history should b e judged not by the great men alone but by the masses.And the only way to get history outside of the proverbial box is to take into consideration the ideals of all men and evaluate them along with economic and material withholding of their country. In order to fully capture an unbiased survey of history Febvre and Bloch pushed for an intercontinental journal. This would forfeit them to expand their practices not only by incorporating other disciplines but also understanding these events from a broader perspective. Besides their interdisciplinary approach, they also wanted to transform history into a social science.For them, this would prove to be more practical and would be made up of checkable facts and resources. By turning history into a social science, bodied beliefs and customs would be taken into consideration. With these approaches, Bloch and Febvre makes up the first generation of the Annales School of Historical Interpretation but their works are still being used, updated , and commensurate in current historical interpretation. Marxist historiography takes a different approach to understanding history. Spawned from Marxisms class scale, Marxists historical interpretation is limited, as it works backwards from the outcome to the event.However, this form of historical interpretation is recognized for its middle and lower class historical perspective. Karl Marx is well-known for his strong support for Communism. He professed that society goes through a cycle from anarchy to socialism, with capitalism and communism being on opposite ends of the spectrum. This approach led him to analyze and judge history on these characteristics. In Marxist historiography, all historical event was a result of the socioeconomic status in which the event took place.Marxist historians are sometime guilty of the Marxist title that they have due to Marxs position on what we call the free world. However, Marxist historians do not hang on every idea of Marxism. A Marxist his torian analyzes history with the understanding that historical events are occurrences that are determined by the working class level of payoff and the type of government in place at the time of the occurrence. In Marxist historiography, historians pay close attention to historical materialism, class struggle, government, and production.These are the viewpoints that rack up up this type of historical interpretation. The historiography of Marxism many times exclude political factors because it lacks the substantial and tangible evidence that other forms of historical interpretation embrace. Karl Marx both embraced and opposed the ideas of GWF Hegel, a German philosopher, who was well known for his conflict and contradictions theories. Yet, it was because of Hegels philosophy that Marxism thrives. Through Marxist historiography, historical events are at the mercy of a superstructure that has a predetermined path.The work of Karl Marx and the Annales are still in practice today. Both schools of historical interpretation emphasize the social and economic impact on society as being the source for historical events. They examine the framework of society and compare the circumstances of many events to verify their theories and downplay prior trust in political narratives. As Stuart Clark states, in The Annales School Critical Assessments, At the centre of these issues and at the point of convergence of the Annales school and Marxist history is the theme of power. He concluded that their two distinct methods explain the plight of human events without discussing power and because of this missing link, the two schools will have more differences than similarities. Power is a prevalent idea of both schools, however, they do not point out this fact. As there studies show, shifts of power is the driving force behind all historical events. The foundations of the perspectives of these two schools are astonishingly similar, but their differences lie in the details of their w ork.The Annales eventually introduced their three tiered paradigm which was structure at the base, conjecture in the concern and the event at the top. This this was then divided again by geography, social, and the individual. (Hunt ,1986) In their use of this paradigm, they set themselves apart from Marxism because they incorporated geography and the individual in their studies, which was unique. winning into consideration , the individual gives a personal take on the superstructure because from this vantage point the big picture can not be seen.The Annales understood that the individual has personal motivations that are not apart of the collective opinion and that the structure affects each person differently. The evidence that the Annales consider when interpreting history is more detailed than the practices of Marxist historians. Marxist historians emphasize the super and sub-structures of society and remain focused on the outcome rather than the events. Marx stated in the Com munist Manifesto that the history of all past societies has been the history of all class struggles. This sentence sums up the motivation behind Marxist historiography.Marx wanted inform the world that details did not matter as much as the inevitable social cycle. In The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852), Marx states that history repeats itself, first as a tragedy and second, as a farce. The Marxist historian upholds this statement to be a slogan for their studies. As they uncover new ideas regarding the system, they are able to interpret historical events from the outside in. Schools of historical interpretations have the duty of setting their methods apart from others and coming up with different ways to analyze history.Although each event has its facts, each school interpret the findings in interesting ways. The Annales began their journey trying to combat the Marxist historical methods and they prevailed in the way they were able to contribute to history what Marxi st historiography could not cover. With each of their motivations deriving from the fallacies of political narratives, these schools have transformed historical documentation from a series of both unfortunate and fortunate events to a narrative of social and economic situations that inevitably force certain outcomes. Bibliography . Burguiere, Andre. The Annales School An Intellectual History, trans. Jane Marie Todd, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2009 cloth pp. 328 2. Long, Pamela. Annales dhistoire economique et sociale 7 (November 1935), Les techniques, Ihistoire et la vie Technology and CultureVol. 46, No. 1 (Jan. , 2005), pp. 177-186 Published by Society for the History of Technology Article Stable URLhttp//www. jstor. org/stable/40060803 3. Hunt, Lynn. French History in the Last Twenty Years The Rise and fire up of the Annales Paradigm. Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 21, No. , Twentieth Anniversary Issue (Apr. , 1986), pp. 209-224Published by Sage Publications, Ltd. retrieved from http//www. jstor. org/stable/260364 4. Marx, K. , and F. Engels. The Communist Manifesto. New York, NY Signet Classics, 1998. Print 5. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. Karl Marx 1852 Course Textbooks 1. Tosh, John. The following of History. 5th. Harlow Pearson Education Limited, 2010. 2. Green, Anna, and Kathleen Troup. The Houses of History A Critical Reader in Twenthieth-century History and Theory. Washington Square, New York New York University Press, 1999.