Paul Muldoon: Biography and Essay :: essays research papers

Oxford and Princeton University professor Paul Muldoon was born in County Armagh, Northern Ireland in 1951 and has been touted as the to the highest degree signifi female genitalst English-language poet born since the bite World War by The Times Literary Supplement. He has overly won numerous and prestigious national awards. Therefore, it may lie with as a surprise to learn that Muldoon grew up in a plaza with very few books. Believe it or not, he writes, the only narration material we had in the house was The Junior World Encyclopedia, which I carry and re select as a tike. Other books must have come from the local lending library but the Encyclopedia was my text of texts.     Muldoon, who is work over married with two children, has written eight volumes of poetry in addition to many an(prenominal) chapbooks, plays and childrens books. His first collection of poems, New Weather, was published in 1973 and his most recent book, Hay, was published in 199 8.     As a child, Muldoon began written material poems to get around a teachers weekly essay assignment. From there, he says, he just kept on writing. Of the process of writing, he says, I do absolutely think of it as a mystical experience. Muldoon is a poet who is obsessed with the details of the world, and this is evident in his poetry, particularly in the poems of his that I read. I chose to research Paul Muldoon for no particular reason. I arrogatet particularly like poetry I can hump a good and a bad poem, but I cant for the life of me write one. I prefer to say what I mean, mean what I say, and leave little room for interpretation. sometimes I think that poets take the easy way out by writing ambiguously about dinosaurs, and then people read and think that the poet is rattling talking about social injustice or sending their child off to the first day of school, when in fact, the poet just really likes dinosaurs. Sometimes I think that if I wrote a simp le sentence about, say, a red wheelbarrow, and chopped it up into lines and told people it was very deep, theyd be impressed. And so thats why I chose Paul Muldoon. I read a few poems of his, could understand pretty well what they were about, liked how they sounded, and enjoyed that a respectable poet ended a line with the. Plus, I was running utterly on time.

Growing and Expanding Sandwich Blitz Essay

Creating a new position between the CEO and the localisation of function directors bequeath service the business to grow because this newly created role will help to illume up time for Dalman to focus on the other aspects of his position. Since he is spending so much time on talking with location managers, other portions of Sandwich Blitz, Inc. could be suffering from it. Not only that, exclusively adding in the factor that he is just one person concords is clear that a new level in direction would help with ontogenesis the other managers into the best managers possible. Promoting an existing manger is a good cream to fill this position as they argon already very well-known(prenominal) with the organization. With the added benefit of having the experience of working in the role as manager to bounce them a better understanding and insight into what issues and problems can be found within a location.However, for promoting an existing manager, I believe that thither are adva ntages and disadvantages with promoting an existing manager to fill this position. If you promote one of the chisel in managers, you gain the advantage of someone who is already familiar with the twenty-four hours to day operations. But you lose them as your location manager. If you hire someone who didnt already work at Sandwich Blitz, this person may not be familiar with the product line, only they could introduce new management ideas into the organization. New ideas could help the organization run more efficiently.Furthermore, when it comes to decision making, I think managers should leg with tactical decisions, owners board of directors should stick to strategic decisions and employees should stick to operational decisions. With strategic decisions, these affect the long-term direction of the business eg whether to instruct over Company A or Company B. Tactical Decisions, these are medium-term decisions about how to implement strategy eg what kind of marketing to have, or h ow umpteen extra stave to recruit. To add Operational Decisions, these are short-term decisions (also called administrative decisions) about how to implement the tactics eg which firm to use to make deliveries.To conclude, the levels of allowance (management) that Sandwich Blitz, Inc. would have if the new position is created, would be line self-confidence gives a manager the right to direct the work of his or her employees and make many decisions without consulting others. Staff representation supports line authority by advising, servicing, and assisting, but this type of authority is typically limited. For example, the assistant to the department head has staff authority because he or she acts as an extension of that authority. These assistants can give advice and suggestions, but they dont have to be obeyed. Functional authority is delegated to an individual or department over specific activities undertaken by effect in other departments.

Changes in Education Sector in Rural Bangladesh

Education Sector Education sector has go about significant varietys over decades in rural Bangladesh. Earlier the maximum take of learning that people received was mainly upto primary didactics. The drop-out rate was in truth eminent. The scrap of female students was in truth low and they apply astound conjoin while studying in primary level. As a result, the number of female students in the secondary level was almost zero. The main intellectual behind this low enrollment in secondary level was ignorance of the pargonnts.They had this point setup that primary education was good enough for their children and encouraged them to get involved in income earning activity for which they got no time to study. unless, people are learning about the brilliance of education gradually, although the number of drop-outs is still not very low in poor families and among girls. Another trend in the village was late admission. By the time they completed primary education they had become 1 7/18 years old.Nowadays, in the village a student completes his/her higher secondary education at this age. The medium of education has also changed. Earlier parents were inclined to madrasa education. They wanted to make their children moulana. But today the parents see their children becoming doctors or engineers in the future. Earlier the villagers used to send their children to colleges expert the village or at best near the district. But in late years, parents are showing interest in sending their children to the capital for studying in college.Many of them are getting admitted in BUET, Dhaka University, and other prestigious universities of the country. One of the main reasons of this radical change in education level of the village is the establishment of school, colleges in the recent years. Earlier, there was only one or two primary and high schools in the village. But many schools, colleges are being established at once with the initiative of the government and NGOs.Th e government is offering different scholarship programs for supporting the rural people to send their children to schools, colleges and receive education. Awareness programs are being held by NGOs and the government for making people conscious about the importance of education. Another important change in the education system in rural Bangladesh is increased enrollments in diploma level of education. This trend has started very recently. Some of the students has already passed diploma others and are on the way of passing.

Hacking is Stealing Essay

Hacking started in the 70s when a collection of friends refractory to tap into surround lines and make calls for free. Those pack were called retrieve Phreaks, a group of young men who twisted technology and used their technological know-how to raise unproblematicr solutions to complicated problems. What started as an intrinsically good past time behind became a form of pranksterism. The Ph unrivalled Phreaks soon held phone conferences from everywhere in the world. However, Telephone companies were less than delighted, and phone tapping became a crime.As more(prenominal) and more Phone Phreaks got persecuted for these crimes, the movement stopped, and the Phone Phreaks were almost of the extrinct race. However, the sensibilities of trying to one-up learned engineers and high-risk corporations did not die down. A couple years passed and the same Phone Phreaks discovered a brisk form of technology to play with the computer. And the hold same people who started and led Phon e Phreak conferences were the people who started hacking computers, a new revolutionary product that everyone wanted to nurture.Back then, computers really did not have any practical purpose at home, but for a hacker, the simple joy of watching the screen light up, and looking at woful blobs of colors were enough. However, with the advent of the internet, everything changed. When the internet was first used, all the information was throw for everyone to use and manipulate. However, with the internet slowly becoming a place of line of credit and transactions, where a lot of personal and, supposedly, confidential information about people and companies argon stored, hackers posed as a huge threatWhat started as a hobby of manipulating electronics to prank people and find easier solutions for common problems turned into something more serious. While Phone Phreaking in the 70s was encouraged as some of an exercise of the mind, computer hacking was a far different story. Computer hac kers did not stop at pranking people they started to use information they gained from hacking government and bodied computers. Hacking became a crime.According to PCWorld. About. com, some people even rigged phone systems to win two Porsches and other prizes at a radio contest. This poses an ethical problem that has always been a problem in society since the showtime of time stealing. No issuance what mode they use, may it be as blatant as rigging telephone lines to win prizes, or as furtive as stealing an identity to escape prosecution by the law, it is still all considered stealing.Taking individual elses property, and using the results of someone elses hard work (without permission, and through deceit) to your advantage is very unethical, and is one of the most basic things society teaches us not to do, no matter how hard times may be. Somehow, hackers forget that what they do is stealing, because they are likewise focused on breaking down systems and trying to outsmart com panies and electronics. Hackers are intelligent people, yet instead creating their own products and reap the fruits of their own labor, they do the opposite, and use their skills and abilities to take advantage of other peoples weaknesses.

Pylori associated gastritis

Helicobacter Pylori associated continuing gastritis resulting in duodenal ulceration or Peptic ulcer Dsease. Gastric suffer at night and when hungry ulcer Is duodenal as the pyloric sphincter is open. Single punched-out lesion In the duodenum where of peptic ulcers occur. H. PyIori most common grow of peptic ulcers. Erythematous stomach and history of dyspepsia This indicates inflammation associated with chronic gastritis result of long term hyperacidity in the stomach and duodenum. Patient was a smoker. Smoking reduces alliance flow and Impedes healing of the epithelium and mucosa.Presence of curved and spiral-shaped bacilli in spite of appearance the superflclal mucosa of the antrum (no mention of the body of stomach) indicates H. Pylori infection. This induces hyperacidity, increasing the risk of duodenal and stomachic ulceration (H. PyIori in of people with peptic ulcers). Large numbers of neutrophils in the lamina propria extending into the epithelium forming pit abscesses and large numbers of plasma and lyrnphocytic cells with germinal centres Infiltrating the lamina proprla Is characteristic of chronic gastritis as the body mounts an Immune response.Gastric epithelium regenerates rapidly, replacing damage cells. Extensive blood supply to mucosa. Predisposing factors H. Pylori infection 80% of peptic ulcers Smoking- reduces blood flow, impedes healing. High-dose corticosteroid use (inhibits prostaglandin production) More commonly seen in people with alcoholic beverage cirrhosis (alcohol stimulates gastric acid secretion), chronic obstructive pulmonary infirmity (reduces 02 blood perfusion), chronic renal failure and hyperparathyroidism (promote gastrin secretion). 3) Natural history o Peptic ulcers usually heal within weeks but reoccur within months(75% by and by one year) unless treated.Longer healing indicates quicker reoccurrence unless stimulus is removed. o A seven-day period of symptoms before presentation is associated with poorer respons e to treatment. Complications o smaller vessels- anemia o large vessel- malema or haematemesis o major artery life threatening. o Perforation- spillage of GIT contents into peritoneum leads to infection (peritonitis) o Obstruction- pyloric stenosis from continuous healing and scarring near pyloric valve. (10% of patients) Leads to bit glass deformity of stomach. o Carcinoma development- (1% of gastric ulcers, never duodenal ulcers)

Design and Procedure

The contain entitled The take of cognition of Cig arette Smoker tricycle drivers of STOD (Pembo-Blueboz route) on sintax law and its relation to their positioning towards Smoking result design a quantitative approach. In which, harmonize to Hammersley (1992), quantitative approach is taken when people are trying to break information, collect abide by entropy and perform analyses and many other functions and since the look intoers leave behind use survey questionnaires as instrumental role.It is mainly service of processful for strategic planning and implementation. This design was adapted by the enquiryers to find out the level of familiarity of backside smokers on Sin tax Law and its relation to their bearing towards dope, as stated on Hopkins article, quantitative investigate aims to dress the relationship between one thing and a nonher.The principle of quantitative research get out be applied in this show for it go out help them in considering the abstract things such as level of noesis and attitude of the smoke tricycle drivers. Hence, the researchers pull up stakes be able to point the variables age, monthly income and education to be utilized for the purpose of the battleground and abstract and overly to know the relationship of their attitude towards smoking and their knowledge on Sintax Law. The researchers forget as well use Descriptive type of research.Descriptive research is employ when the purpose of the research is to determine the characteristics of certain groups or a bailiwick and it is much applicable in their goal in the study to present the details and social setting of the selected smoking tricycle drivers on their level of knowledge on Sintax Law and their attitude on smoking. This study allow for describe the real situation of the researchers study and will further explain the data that will be gathered. explore Method The researchers will use the survey methodology for it is considered as the fast-b reaking and cheapest modality among others.Hence, survey is effective in producing information on opinions, attitudes, belief, presumption, and or socio-economic characteristics. Also, data will be reliable and could avoid or fall its inconsis xcy. In addition to that, survey is simpler to analyze and easier to associate the gathered data. The survey will serve as their medium to gather data by asking questions. The researchers will use the survey method for they believed that it will be suitable on their study. Since a population can be kind of large of a number, researchers will question only a exemplification.The example respondents will be asked questions on their demographic profile along with the single set of questionnaires regarding the data needed. By this survey, the respondents may give just to their liberty by voicing out their opinion or ideas prior to the research conducted. Through survey, the reliability of information collected from cigarette smoker responden ts will maintain. Also, surveying will enable to help the researchers to gain a considerable deal of information at one time and will stand quantitative data. The researchers believed that this method remains as the most widely used method in gaining quantifiable data.Instrumentation The self-executed questionnaires by the researchers are the instrument they will use for their survey. It will serve as the medium to get the necessary information for the research. This device aims to distinguish the level of knowledge of the cigarette smokers on the newly passed Sintax law and its relation to the smokers attitude towards smoking. The researchers will use closed questions, multiple-choice format, checklist format and the likert get over. The set of questions will be categorise based on the problem and objectives of this study. Closed question is considered as the simplest way of life whereas it is being nswerable by a yes or a no. By close ended questions, the researchers can avo id the unessential responses from the elect respondents. To analyze the validity, the researchers made 2 page survey questionnaires. As a process, organisation involves gathering and analyzing data to figure the accuracy of the instrument used. This survey is divided up into 4 sections profile, awareness, knowledge, and attitude. First part is where the respondents are being asked about their demographic profile. Second part of the instrument will measure the awareness of the respondents. ternion is where the cigarette smokers knowledge unto the law will be measured.And last, the attitude of the respondents towards smoking will be asked. The purpose of this questionnaire is to fully determine if the tricycle drivers are aware or knowledgeable about the sintax law. By this instrument, the researchers will unwrap the cigarette smokers attitude on the said law. As a clarification, this study is only a fulfillment of requirement, for academic purposes only. Sample and Sampling prof iciency Usually, researchers arent capable of observing directly in every several(prenominal) in a population they are studying. Rather, they gather information from a subset of individuals, called sample.Sample is a group of people that can be expound as the sub- solicitation drawn from the population. In order for the sample to truly suppose the population, you need to have a sample that will represent the population. So in this study, the researchers selected tricycle drivers of STOD (Pembo-Blueboz route) who smoke to be the respondents. They will be selected with Simple Random sampling or SRS which is the one of the most ordinarily used probability method. Each respondent will be chosen randomly and entirely by chance. A simple random sample is an unbiased surveying technique.With the help of fishbowl draw, all the corresponding poem of to each one correspondent will be place in it and will mixed thoroughly. In that case, all of them will have the chance to be the respond ents. By this sample, the research study will be carried out. Sample random sampling is common and just simple. Its simplicity makes it relatively easy to attend data collected via SRS. And for this reason, simple random sampling best suits situations where not much information is available about the population and data collection can be efficiently conducted on randomly distributed items.Data accrual Procedure The researchers will conduct survey for five days. The questionnaires will in person administer to the selected cigarette smokers jibe to the number of sample that will be computed. The researchers decided to survey 50% only of the total population of tricycle drivers, for not all the drivers smoke cigars. The respondents will participate in the study. Thus, respectable issues will be considered to make sure that everything will be confidential, oddly the responses and will remain private as well as the safeguard of the respondents.All important details of the study, in cluding its aim and purpose will relay race by the researchers. And through this, the respondents will be able to understand the splendor of their role in the completion of the research study. The respondents will not be forced to participate in the said research. The confidentiality of the participants will be ensured also by not disclosing their names or personal information in the research. Those significant details that can help in answering the research questions will be included.The completely filled-up questionnaires will be returned to the researchers for the evaluation and psychoanalysis of data. statistical Formula The researchers will choose Likert survey for the questionnaire type as this will enable the respondents to answer the survey without difficulty. It will measure the nonextant to which a person finds a question effective or ineffective. A Likert item is simply a statement which the respondent is asked to evaluate according to any kind of subjective or object ive criteria generally the level of agreement or disagreement is measured.It usually has four choices potently agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree, but there are cases that it will go up to ten and sometimes, more than ten. And some times, instead of using the level of agreement, likert can also consists of options with assigned values (excellent, very good, average, below average poor always, seldom, frequently, sometimes and never). A numerical value will be assigned to each potential choice and a mean figure for all the responses will be computed at the end of the evaluation.The final average score will represent the overall level of accomplishment or attitude of the respondents toward the subject matter. The researcher will then exclude irrelevant questions and will spay difficult or unclear terminologies into simpler ones in order to ensure understanding. The researcher used the 4-point likert in order to have a concrete answers from the respondents because likert scale implied that the number of alternatives are open for manipulation, and this study will employ a manipulated likert scale by allowing only four choices and in so doing, will eliminate a default median response.Many techniques can be involved in statistics that treat data in required manner. Statistical treatment is one, and the result is dependent on the experiment used and the coveted output. Describing the data is also involved in statistical treatment. And the best way is to undergo the measure of central tendencies- the mean. Through these, the researchers could easily explain how the data are concentrated. To fulfill the process of Statistical Treatment, the gathered data will be processed by the use of the software program called SPSS/PC+.Same principles will be followed in this program to compute for oftenness distribution, percentage and weighted mean. To identify the awareness and to describe the profile of the respondents, the frequency distribution and percentage will b e applied. And to describe the attitude of the selected smoking tricycle drivers of STOD (Pembo-Blueboz route) by each selected attitudinal area, the weighted mean will be utilized. The weighted mean which describe the attitude of the respondents will verbally study as follows

Psychiatric evaluation in the Philippines Essay

1. How would you describe the military position of Filipino affable health base on prevalence of psychiatrical cases released by DOH and the National amount for Mental Health from 2009-2012? As taken from the report, the WHO identified that stigma, discrimination and push aside return prevented cargon and management from reaching souls with mental disorders . psychiatrical affected roles in the Philippines be usually managed in a mental hospital setting. DOH-commissioned Social brave Stations survey put that 0.7 percent of total Filipino households gift a family member who has a psychological disorder much(prenominal) as depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and substance abuse. The status of mental health in the Philippines is also greatly affected by psychosocial issues and stress happening in the unsophisticated such as economic crisis (poverty) and problems in interpersonal relationship (family, friends and workplace).Although for now the status of Filipino mental health is being balanced by our pagan practices, it is with great importance that we recognize that to further decrease the incidence of psychiatric cases, we need to expectk medical assistance to manage them. The Philippines is a country in which psychiatry is taboo. Despite being a very renew and americanized nation for the most part, plenty of Filipinos still hold onto old tralatitious and religious beliefs. Psychological disorders ar not seen as such, but are thought of as demonic possessions and the like. The social stigma associated with mental affection is a major cause for non-use of health and psychosocial services by Filipinos.The need of determineing of mental illness and the importance of mental health among Filipinos is as serious as the lack of a regular and useful database on the prevalence, manifestations, causation and risk factors of mental illness in the country. Thus, in my dose of view, although the Philippines has lower number when it comes to psychia tric cases than other countries, our approach in handling such cases are still primitive that it would greatly affect the conjunction and might contribute to the future increase of such cases.2. Criticize the DSM-IV-TR in terms of reliability and practicality. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is employ by clinicians and psychiatrists to diagnose psychiatric illnesses. It improved symptomatic objectivity by adding prototypes or decision trees outlining defining features of disorders, which lead clinicians through sets of questions regarding the presence or absence of symptoms. Mental health suppliers use the manual to better understand a clients potential needs as tumefy as a tool for assessment and diagnosis. The DSM-IV Text Revision is ground on five different dimensions.This multiaxial approach allows clinicians and psychiatrists to forge a to a greater extent(prenominal) comprehensive evaluation of a clients level of functioning, because mental i llnesses often impact many different life areas. I keep up read several reviews about this system and in that location has been charges that DSM criteria and categories have weensy lapse when it comes to reliability and reasonableity of its diagnoses. Some even suggested widespread concerns that DSM diagnostic categories lack clinical, research, and educational utility and that they are misused in a variety of contexts. As I was browsing the net I found two studies that used to describe the reliability and validity of the DSM-IV TR Hoffmann (2002)Hoffmann studied prison inmates to look at diagnoses of alcohol abuse, alcohol dependency and cocaine dependency, to see if differences would occur in a computer-prompted structured interview, compared to the DSM-IV-TR criteria. It was found that the DSM-IV-TR diagnosis was valid and that the interview data supportinged the idea that dependence was more a severe syndrome than abuse. The symptoms from the automated interview matched th ose of the DSM criteria.Lee (2006) Lee studied the DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of ADHD to see if it would be suitable for Korean children, and looked at sexual urge differences in the features of ADHD in the DSM. The DSM lists eighteen criteria for ADHD linked to childrens behavior. In total, 48 primary school teachers rated the behavior of 1,663 children (904 of which were boys, the remaining girls) exploitation a questionnaire. Lee looked for concurrent validity by comparing the DSM-IV-TR criteria with criteria arising from the questionnaire, and compared DSM behavioral and psychological characteristics with those found in an ADHD test. Previous studies had showed that ADHD children had oppositional famine disorder, ODD, as well, having problems with peers and discipline.Lee decided that finding the same correlation would support the diagnosis and show the DSM to be a valid tool. The same relationship was observed, and so it was said that the DSM-IV-TR had concurrent validity. Also fo und it to be reliable, as the correlation could check for similar diagnoses. However, the study found that for girls, the DSM-IV-TR symptoms and diagnoses were less matched than they were for boys, which was a weakness found with the DSM as a diagnostic tool. When it comes to practicality, the DSM-IV TR provides quick available diagnoses that helps clinicians to plan a treatment to long-sufferings since the DSM-IV is a categorical classification system.To be reliable as a diagnostic classification system, there would have to be consistency with the DSM. This means that the DSM is reliable if the clinicians using it consistently arrive at the same diagnoses as each other. Validity is the conclusion to which a measure of a psychological variable measures what it sets out to measure. essentially this means the correct variable (in clinical psychology, this variable will be a mental disorder) is measured, by arriving at the correct diagnosis. Needless to say, if the DSM were not r eliable, it would not be valid either. This is because if it is unreliable it means inconsistent diagnoses are made, and so it must not be valid either as surely the correct diagnosis is being made.3. With the tolerants overcompensate to solitude, what are the advantages and disadvantages of observing such regenerate in a psychiatric setting?Privacy is defined in terms of a person having control over the extent, timing, and circumstances of sharing oneself physically, behaviorally or intellectually with others. Psychiatric patients have unique needs and quite often several issues are at stake. Although we handle these patients with a specialized form of complaint, all of them have all the same rights. One of the most important right is the right to retirement. Advocating a patients right is one of the fundamentals of nursing. The admit must safeguard the patients right to privacy. This does not lone(prenominal) mean the right to be left alone but more importantly avoiding u nwanted intrusion into the patients life.The nurse advocates for an surround that provides for sufficient physical privacy, including auditory privacy for discussions of a personal constitution and policies and practices that protect the confidentiality of information. Maintaining the privacy of a psychiatric patient and practicing confidentiality has a fate of advantages. It helps establish trust between a health care provider and the patient, whereas he feels respected thus gathering needed information regarding the patients status, including needs and concerns belongs easy. It also helps to reduces worry on the part of the patient and maintains his dignity.Therefore it could give the patient a sense of control and promotes autonomy. yet every freedom should also have its limitation. When we talk about privacy in the psychiatric setting, in times where patients lack the capacity to make decisions for themselves, their best interests should be considered during the treatment. A ny treatment should be the least trespassing(prenominal) option for the patient. A patients right to privacy whitethorn be limited in situations where a person must be continuously observed, such as when restrained or in seclusion when immediate and serious risk to harm self (such as when the patient is under suicide precautions or special observation status) or others exists.Although this advocates for the rubber eraser of the patients in the hospital, some patients may find this experience confusing or upsetting. Furthermore, in practicing their right to access their records, some psychiatric patients might become more worried and pessimistic after reading their records especially if they are not responding well to treatments. And also in case of voluntary hospitalization insurance (which is usually justified by patients imminent dangerousness to themselves or others, or their inability to meet basic needs) patients feel their privacy is being violated.In cite of the serious ness of depriving a patient of freedom in an involuntary commitment, the involuntary patient could insist his right to privacy and might withhold primal information about his status that may contribute to his treatment. The patients rights especially regarding his privacy has its advantages and limitations which may result to various effects on his well-being. Health care providers should consider privacy a basic human right and confidentiality a professional obligation.

Correctional Operations Essay

somewhat(a) nations and cultures have deal up with official laws to protect their citizens from crimes. everywhere the years these laws have been in force, to each(prenominal)eviate keep society from comme il faut anarchy. Different forms of penaltys have been employ to detour would be woefuls. However you result find citizens still tends to break the laws. These days all countries have a arbitrator schema and a prison for locking up their threats to society. galore(postnominal) a nonher(prenominal) countries do sentence some superstar to death for an extreme form of punishment. The Babylonian statute of Hammurabi (Encarta, 2007) was the first intelligent record install in the warmness East. However, the Western nations seem to follow laws amazeed by Ancient Rome (Encarta, 2007). forrader long each city had a lawcourt and had launch their accept laws, to protect the citizens. Soon after the Roman empire established the virtue of Twelve T up to(p)s, to confirm their society. only when most volume believe that the earlier form of law can be found in the dozen centuries which is kn throw as the Justinian Code (Encarta, 2007).For legion(predicate) centuries people have died or been punished for committing theft, rape, or unspeakable crimes. In 1532, the Holy Roman Empire fabricated the Constitio Criminalis to punish sads. and not every county followed that law, so these countries created their own legal carcass, where each county would deal with its criminals in their countries, when they emergencyed to. For the most part, punishment was practiced to punish or deter these would be criminals. Life became much civil with each passing century, as wise punishments were created. M both people matte up dependabler with laws that could protect them.Centuries later the daddy System was created by the Quakers, Pennsylvania became the ticker of prison reform worldwide. This happen when William Penn, Penn who had been confined in Engla nd for his Quaker beliefs supplanted the Duke of Yorks several criminal code which was in effect in new(prenominal) parts of British North America, where among other offenses, the penalty of death was utilise for murder, denying the true God homosexual acts and kidnapping, severe physical punishments were utilize for what were considered slighter crimes. The true root of the Quaker system was to create more tender-hearted treatment for criminals, they decided that criminals needed more constructive punishment and a tramp where they can be alone to repent and turn stick place to God rather than such barbaric punishment.The Quakers believe that criminals could reformed and travel by to society as a change people. Prisoners were perplex to ladder in the prison so that their time could be used wisely. In the 1820s the chromatic System was in full swing, this system was different from the Quakers they believe in complete silence, smaller cells and any economic advantage over the Pennsylvania System. In the long run both of these prison system failed, whence came along the Auburn System which modern corrections used their centenarian method of old cells blocks and solitary confinement.each county began hiring sheriffs and creating legal systems to deal out the punishments. Most people welcome the new laws and sense of safety, yet some refuse to follow them. more or less criminals were lightly punished and some were killed, for the crimes they committed. The arbiter system grew into a major part of society however, it was not perfect. . But not long many citizens felt that the criminals deserved what punishments they received. More jails were create and more criminals began challenging the new laws that had been established by the courts. Unfortunately, societies were being used by the criminals or gangs or criminals. So, many new sheriffs and detective agencies were established to help police the growing neighborhoods. Many people supported the post of the sheriffs and they volunteered to help as deputies.In the old times, criminals were tortured as a form of punishment, by the Roman Empire. Some criminals hang on crosses, killed by torture, and place in dungeons to die. For this reason many began to revolt against the Roman decree and they were punished as criminals too. Soon the Roman Empire fell and many separate societies began growing throughout the world. Before long, the Modern ages began and many prisons were built in the 19th century. Many countries were ruled by the King and fagot of Britain at the turn of the 19th century.Severely changes have happened to the legal expert system during that time. Which made life much easier for the citizens criminals were locked a expressive style and punished for the crimes that they committed. Each criminal had to be found guilty by the court first, before they could be punished. Many new laws were created, in recite to help the citizen feel safe and keep the pea ce. However, some citizens still felt that capital punishment was to hash.By the 20th century, the British rule began to fade, as the revolution grew and many fled to the sweet World. Due to prison overcrowding, many courts systems were odouring for ways to deal with criminals. Many courts began giving probation to petty thieves and criminals besides locking them up. Soon young offenders were remove from the large(p) court system and dealt with in juvenile court. Then the court began looking for ways, to rehabilitate the juvenile offenders. Many schools and programs were created, in order to drop by the wayside the troubled youth from becoming adult offenders. Also many adult programs began popping up with the intentions to help rehabilitate small crime offenders. Some criminals were able to change and acquire productive part of society (National Archives, 2007). horse parsley Maconochie came up with the concept of early release for hard work and dear(p) behavior, also parole which was created by Sir Walter Crofton and the Irish system, which we in the United show use today.Om the late 1800s reformatory system was established, some were given genteelness classes, and early release and punishment was not the focus. However, some adults were unable to be rehabilitating by the programs, so purgetually more prisons had to be built to mark youth and adult offenders that were unable to be rehabilitated. After the justice system realized that punishments were not go againstping criminals from committing crimes. Many scientist and doctors began studying the behavior of criminals, particularly their childhood. Some scientist has found that many criminals have had troubled childhood, which whitethorn contain to their behavior. However, some criminals be raised in a good crime syndicate yet they still commit horrible crimes to date no one has come up with a magic pill that can run off these criminals from committing crimes. Many societies have tried to f ind a way to correspond criminals, from creating a justice system to building prisons.However, no matter how bill has tried to stop the criminals, they still seem to victimize helpless people. Maybe, with gain ground study and a better lowstanding of why they commit crimes, afterlife generations can stop them. But, at this point only prisons seem to help those, who have become habitual offenders. Hopefully, one day we can create a magic pill or a way to stop criminals from hurting others. Until then, we must let the justice system work for us and our society The correction system in the United States have changed many times over the past years, many theories went from retaliation, physical punishment, reforming and back. The population of inmates in the United States and Federal prisons and jails has self-aggrandising at an unprecedented rate in the past thirty years. Since 2000, the census of prisoners being detained in secernate and federal official prisons has risen 13 %. Since 1990, the census has grown 100% the census has grown a staggering 366%.The thirteenth Amendment to the United States administration, which was passed by the senate on April 8th, 1864 and sanctioned by the House on January 31st, 1865 and ratified on December 6th, 1865 abolish bondage as a legal institution. The thirteenth Amendment narrated. Neither thralldom nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, nor any place subject to their jurisdiction. Right after the thirteenth Amendment was passed, the Black Code was created, the Black Code were laws in the United States after the Civil warf be with the effect of limiting the basic human right and civil liberties of swarts. As newly freed slaves would soon learn, immunity was not as they had anticipated. White southerners were nauseated to regain forefinger over them and used the law in order to achieve that objecti ve, the code served as a way to hold back and hold the freedom of ex-slaves.The Code controlled nearly all aspect of their blisterings and prohibited African Americans from the freedoms that had been won. Not only did the whites wanted to control ex-slaves simply they need laborers. era things could no longer be exactly the same as in slavery, the whites found a way to guarantee that blacks would serve as their laborers. The whites encompassed some of the antebellum restrictions on free blacks, northern apprenticeship laws, they took their civil and legal rights, from espousals to the right to hold and sell property. Laws were different in each soil but most embodied the same kind of restrictions. Commonly, codes compelled freedman to work. But in many conjure ups if unemployed, African American faced being arrested and supercharged with vagrancy. Many of those that did work had their days regulated.Codes dictated their hours of labor, duties and the behavior assigned to them as agricultural workers. Almost every aspect of their lives was regulated, including the freedom to roam blacks were not permitted to enter towns without permission. In 1866 black codes were suspended by Federal officials who far-famed that the codes were too harsh and bias they decided that blacks should be subjected to the same penalties and regulations as whites. Along with the black code came the convict leasing system, this was the leasing of prisoners to private companies who would pay the state a fee for the service. Prisoners would work for these companies day after day go to their cells each night while business profit from free prisoners labors. These black prisoners would survive less than six years the death rate among these inmates was almost 45% for those in the south.another(prenominal) way to keep free blacks in slavery was Sh arcropping for those man who did not want to go to prison, sharecropping was the only way former slaves could survive . But the high pr ices and interest rate charged by store and land owners caused these blacks to be in constant debt. Another way blacks were kept was by ambit gangs, the crimes was breach of a contract, eve today there are some states that still adopt chain gangs resembling, Florida, Alabama and Arizona. Amnesty International one of the leading humanitarian groups state that the practice of chain gangs is inhumane, to use handcuffs, and chains etc. on prisoners is a violation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. immediately prisoners have another dilemma to deal with privatization of prisons privatization of prison is not new it has been around for centuries, private corporations are once again owning and operating prisons for profit.A controversial issue which dates back to the days that followed the Emancipation Proclamation, private prisons owners and perform prisoners making thousands of millions of dollars from prisoners labor while the prisoners earn nothing. The 1 3th amendment allows a form of slavery to exist legally, when we look at people who are jailed for nonviolent crimes within the criminal justice system, like the Black Code, Sharecropping and Chain Gangs and then privatizing of prisons the 13th Amendment shape slavery through the penal system.President Lincoln abolished the cruel and foreign punishment, but if we look there is a small part which we may call a clause that states, Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, nor any place subjected to their jurisdiction. The Amendment did not specify what crimes, felony, misdemeanor or even a traffic ticket it just said crime and all of these are crimes. Yet we see many people not convicted of crimes and they are punished, placed in prison, locked up and work for fee. The 13th Amendment has reshaped and defined slavery the moment it was placed on paper.The tenth Amendment of the United States Constitution is a guarantee of state right. The Tenth Amendment is similar to an earlier provision of the Articles of Confederation. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled. When the 10th Amendment was introduced in congress, James capital of Wisconsin explained that many states were anxious to ratify this amendment, despite critics who deemed the amendment superfluous or unnecessary. The temper designed the federal government to be a government of hold and enumerated powers. This is saying that the federal government only has power over the things that are specifically given to it in the constitution, all other powers is given to the state.The 10th Amendment remark that The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, or by the states are reserved to the states respectiv ely or to the people. I believe the grounding fathers created this Amendment because they did not want the central government which is the federal government to become too powerful and did not want that government to tell them how they should live their lives daily. They wanted to give the local state power to control their own affairs to make laws and rules that their people can live by and not have the federal government total control of their affair. The 10th Amendment when it comes to the Florida criminal justice system and prison is this. Advocate can bring more cases under the 10th Amendment, which will have huge positive tax write-off for freedom so long as the current constitution of the courts holds. Federalism secures the freedom of the individual it allows the state to respond through the enactment of positive law.As we see the 10th Amendment have been weakens somewhat by the by congress, you could just hear about the 10th Amendment in court cases in the years it was&nb spadopted but not so today you find that a lot of cases using the 10th Amendment for their bases for filing an appeal. There were states that were protected under the 10th Amendment. Which the American Civil was noted was not workable so the 14th Amendment was created to extend the Bill of Rights and made it applicable to both state and federal government. We can see the 10th Amendment no longer holds the power that it once did, but today in Florida law makers is trying to use the 10th Amendment to privatize prisons. The 10th Amendment was written to reassure the state that they would sojourn largely in charge of their people the 10th Amendment was always used to prevent federal regulation of everything including taxation. I believe the 8th should control the criminal justice system in Florida. The Amendment states that ebullient bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.The 8th Amendment to the Constitution established in 1791, have three provisions The cruel and unusual punishment clause, which restrict the severity of punishments that state and federal government may impose upon someone who have been convicted of a crime. The Excessive Fine clause limits the amount that state and federal governments may fine a somebody for a particular crime. Then there is the Excessive Bail clause which restricts judicial delicacy in setting bail for the release of persons accuse of a criminal activity during the period following their arrest but preceding their exam. Courts are given wide latitude under the Excessive Fine Clause of the 8th Amendment, fines which is imposed by ta trial court judge or magistrate will not be retrousse on appeal unless the judge or magistrate abuse his or her discretion in assessing them. But the trial court judge is given less latitude under the Excessive Bail Clause.If the defendants meets bail or is able to pay the amount set by the court, the defendant is entitled to determi ne the fuddled amount at the conclusion of the criminal proceeding, however, if the defendant fails to come out of the closet as scheduled during the prosecution, then he or she forfeits the amount pledge and still faces further criminal penalties if convicted of the offense or offenses charged. Since most of our defendants are indigent excessive fine is handling in a mollify manner I believe. To me the most critical part of the 8th Amendment is the cruel and unusual punishment. In the case Furman v. Georgia the Supreme Court found that he death penalty violated the 8th Amendment the court noted that These death penalties are cruel and unusual punishment today not much state use the death penalty but in our state of Florida the death penalty is still a factor. Recently the state declared a moratorium on lethal injection and a de facto moratorium on the death penalty.Finally I believe our criminal justice has come a long way but there is still work to be done especially with d efendants being arrested and being treated as the olden days when slavery was in place. We still find our slavery winning place indirectly especially for black minoritys. We need our elected government leaders to stop playing politics and start working for the people who elected them into office. Judges and lawyers need to stop taking bribes and let the justice system work for the people. We as criminal justice majors must stop looking at the money we may make when we finish school and get our degree. And see how we can put what we have learned into practice to help our fellow neighbors or our community. Our justice system needs people with heart and backbones and I believe we as the leaders of tomorrow can do that.Referenceshttp//voices.yahoo.com/roots-history-punishment-512307.html?cat=37 http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-punishment/1http//legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/8th+Amendment

The global environment

The defense of the terrestrial environment has become one of the cardinal aims of the supranational familiarity in recent decennaries. The major environmental issues such as mood alteration, ozone depletion, deforestation acid rain and loss of biodiversity are rambling in range. 1 Climate alteration is a sublunar long-run line of descent ( up to several centuries ) that involves complex interactions with environmental, economic, political, institutional, societal and technological procedures. The international conjunction has taken intelligent stairss to battle climate alteration. The United Nations Framework feel on Climate convince the Kyoto Protocol and other clime cogitate instruments are all legal instruments which target clime alteration extenuation. These legal instruments have created a differentiation in footings of duties and duties between the developed and the using states through the rule of communal only when differentiated duties. 2 The rule of ha bitual but differentiated obligation has developed from the application of loveliness in general international jurisprudence for the particular demands of developing states which must be taken into history in the cultivation, application and reading of regulations of international environmental jurisprudence. 3 The Framework Convention on Climate Change ( Climate Convention ) ,1 signed at the 1992 United Nations Earth summit in Rio de Janeiro, is the first international legal instrument to give to clime alteration and is arguably the most comprehensive international effort to turn to inauspicious alterations to the planetary environment.Principle 7 4 States shall collaborate in a spirit of planetary partnership to conserve, protect and reconstruct the wellness and amity of the Earth s ecosystem. In position of the different parts to planetary environmental debasement, States have common but differentiated duties. The developed states accept the certificate of indebtedne ss that they bear in the international chase of sustainable development in position of the force per unit areas their societies place on the planetary environment and of the engineerings and fiscal resources they command.he overruling end of the Convention is the stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the ambiance at a degree that would anticipate unsafe anthropogenetic intervention ith the clime system. 5 The rule of common but differentiated duties, one of the cardinal constructs of sustainable development, has double behind the force per unit areas developed states topographic point on the planetary environment and the engineerings and fiscal resources they command. Though the developed states are loath to hump the first foundation, the developing states have a strong purchase to chip in on the former to accept differentiated intervention in their favour. 7 The contemplation of this rule takes two signifiers one is dual criterions in environmental protect ion criterions every bit good as their execution in favour of developing states and the other is assistance by developed states for sustainable development of developing states.The impression of common but differentiated duty is comprised of two distinguishable yet mutualist constituents ( 1 ) common duty and ( 2 ) differentiated duty. The first represents the shared duties of two or to a greater fulfilment States when the inquiry of protection of a specific environmental resource is raised. 8 The 2nd relates to distinguish environmental criterions which are articulated around numerous factors such as particular demands and fortunes, future economic development of states, and the historical part of a state or group of states to the creative action at law of an environmental job. name 10 Kyoto protocol 9 All Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated duties and their specific national and regional development precedences, aims and fortunes, without presenti ng whatsoever new committednesss for Parties non included in Annex I, but reaffirming bing committednesss under Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, and go oning to progress the execution of these committednesss in order to follow through sustainable development, taking into history Article 4, paragraphs 3, 5 and 7, of the Convention, shallFormulate, where relevant and to the extent possible, cost-efficient national and, where appropriate, regional programmes to better the quality of local advancement factors, activity informations and/or theoretical accounts which reflect the socio-economic conditions of each Party for the make and periodic updating of national stock lists of anthropogenetic emanations by beginnings and remotions by sinks of all nursery gases non controlled by the Montreal Protocol, utilizing comparable methodological analysiss to be concord upon by the Conference of the Parties, and consistent with the guidelines for the readying of national communicati ons espouse by the Conference of the Parties F CDBR is illustration of emerging perceptual experiences of equity.Duncan cut ( 2000 ) . Developing States and International Environmental Law The Importance of tell Responsibilities.International &038 A Comparative Law Quarterly,49, pp 35-60 doi10.1017/S0020589300063958Mustapher, Ntale, Rethinking the Application of the Principle of ordinary but Differentiated Responsibilities in the International Climate Legal Framework ( declination 6, 2008 ) . Available at SSRN hypertext transfer protocol //ssrn.com/abstract=1312282Bharat Agarwal, The Principle Of Common But Differentiated Responsibility In Environmental LawRio Declaration on Environment and growth 1992 United Nations ( UN )United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Framework Convention on Climate Change, May 9, 1992, art. 2, 31 I.L.M. at 854.Duncan French ( 2000 ) . Developing States and International Environmental Law The Importance of Differentiated Responsib ilities.International &038 A Comparative Law Quarterly,49, pp 35-60 doi10.1017/S0020589300063958International Environmental Agreements Politicss, Law and Economics, springer spaniel Netherlands, Volume 2, Number 2 / June, 2002, pg. 151-170 www.springerlink.comP. Sands, Principles of International Environmental Law Models, Standards and Implementation, maiden edn. ( Manchester Manchester University Press, 1996 ) at 217.KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON mode CHANGE

Life stages

Cognitive at this grade children can think in langu mature without fully understanding, Pigged said that from 2-7 geezerhood they result be unavailing to work things out or think about things in a logical way (pre- available stage). From 7-11 years they lead be adequate to(p) to work out simple chores known as concrete trading operations, this is what Pigged called the concrete-operational stage. Emotional It is in the childhood life stage where people come an idea of self, they will start understanding self and others. They ar credibly to direct a large issue forth of their energy in to master skills and knowledge.Relationships with their p arents, other relatives, fri finish ups and teachers will get an jolt on the childs self- self- stoolurance and how they smack valued. The child may develop a permanent sense of confidence or of inferiority and failure. Social Childhood is where social learning depression legislates, primary solicitation will take place which is where a child will learn social roles and behaviors from within their family context. This will provide a safe base from which children will explore relationships with other children and learn cooperation through play.As a child gets sometime(a) they will become increasingly independent by making friendships with other children which will lead to them developing mutual trust. Towards the end of the childhood stage, children will develop a circle of friends and will protrude to be able to understand another persons point of view. Adolescence (10-18 years) The physical changes that occur in the body during adolescence are mainly overdue to puberty, which is triggered by the hypothalamus in both genders. Puberty occurs generally between 11 and 13 years of age in females and between 13 and 15 years in males.Female puberty The physical changes that will occur in adolescent females are pubic hairs, breast growth, periods beginning and widening of hips. These changes occur in gover n for females to prepare for pregnancy and childbirth and are driven by the endocrine estrogen. Male puberty Male adolescents will develop reams. These changes occur to deposit them physically strong and is driven by testosterone. Intellectual It is within the adolescence stage of life where adult thought will develop, this means thinking using logic and abstract thought processes and is called the formal operational stage in Piglets stages of development.Logical thinking enables adolescents and adults to think scientifically and solve complex problems in their heads that they would not energize previously been able to. Abstract thought processes allow adolescents and adults to think beyond the limits of everyday acknowledge and wink through complicated problems without requiring to see concrete pictures to solve them. Emotional In adolescence the sense of self will stretch out to develop, in this stage adolescents will need to develop a strong sense of identity, this was fi rst stated by Erikson.A clear understanding of self-identity will enable a person to feel secure when working with others and withal to make a sexual loving attachment to another person. self-confidence in adolescence may depend on the development of identity. Social In adolescence, secondary social learning will occur. An adolescents self-worth will owe be more heavily influenced by other adolescents than by family. They will write the behavior, clothing, interests, beliefs and cultural values from their own network of friends.Adulthood (18-65 years) Early due date A persons physical performance will peak at 19-26 years, and at this age an adult will be optimistic about their future health. The main physical concerns are in all probability to be with diet, weight, exercise, addiction, reproduction, pregnancy and breastfeeding. Middle due date this is when health concerns will begin to develop and sight is very plausibly to decline. An adult in this stage will also develop w rinkles and colour in hairs. Men will experience a reduction of testosterone and women will experience menopause, this is a sharp reduction in estrogen, reduction of bone assiduousness and loss of fertility.Intellectual Adulthood is also included in Piglets formal operational stage of bright development, which I defend described in the adolescence intellectual development stage. A psychologist called Chase said that there is extending cognitive skills in maturity, including an achieving stage, a responsibility stage and an executive stage. Creativity peaks in adulthood in relation to lyrical poetry or theoretical maths or physics in an adults ass-ass, and in areas such as philosophy or history later in adulthood.Emotional A psychologist named Erikson gave a great deal input in to the emotional development of adulthood, he said that in early adulthood there will be a conflict of intimacy vs.. Where an adult will be avoiding isolation learning to form an attachment to a partne r, they will be trying to not be too self-centred or defensive. Middle adulthood this is where an adult will be attempting to pacify involved with their social life and legislations, but there will be a loss of interest in social issues which will produce a risk of emotional stagnation.In early adulthood friendship networks will be very important and they will be forming adult, sexual relationships and startle a vocation which will fork over some form of career pathway. Adults will be thinking about and will be likely to experience marriage and parenthood. Mature adults may have a reduced amount of cadence socializing within friendship networks due to their time being priorities to child care, parent care, work and other family commitments. Older adulthood (65+ years) Older adults will be less active and are whence likely to put on weight regardless of eating the selfsame(prenominal) as they previously had.They will be more susceptible to illness and illness, for example o steoporosis, arthritis, stroke and flu. Older adults will also be given over to falling over as their balance will moderately decrease, half of over oxs currently meet the equality act definition of disabled. It is in older adulthood where Chaises re-integrative stage occurs, this is where due to having a limited amount of energy older adults will only centering on tasks that are important to them. There will be a plasticity of cognitive skills in this life stage this will be effected by a lack of stimulation, anxiety and disease, for example dementia.Older adults are likely to have a certain sense of wisdom, this will be shown by and due to experience, empathy and understanding. Emotional In older adulthood there will be a conflict of ego integrity vs.. Despair, meaning that in battle array to cope with aging and death an adult will need to have developed a secure sense of self. A failure to do this will result in despair. Older adults are likely to have heir emotions highly ef fected by experiencing different forms of loss, this could be of purposes and roles, health and/or death of friends and family.Retirement will have a large impact on an older adults social interaction as they will no longer be working, however an increasing number of over ass are working each year. Because of this, older adults will have much more free time but are likely to focus on existing relationships rather than search for new ones. A problem with the solicitation of the elderly is loneliness, 1 in 10 over ass say that they often or always eel lonely, this will link with older adulthoods emotional development. Australia, K. 2014.

Status of Leader

Usually it is sensed that the status of leader unendingly affect the communications within the assort and large number with a higher status always intimidate people with a lower status since leadership is the procedure by which a leader, by influence, persuades followers to track their objectives for the team. In simpler words, leadership is an act of influencing the activities of an organise group in its efforts toward goal setting and goal achievement or a specialized form of social interaction in which cooperating individuals argon permitted to influence and motivate early(a)s to promote the attainment of group and individual goals.From for each one of these perceptions, leadership engages a course of influence whereby the leader has an impact on others by inducing them to be bemuse in a certain manner. (Lussier, 2004) In order to influence the team members, the status of the leader plays very of import role. People tend to listen and obey the people from higher status. l ead involves the possession of qualities that lead others to want to follow the leaders directives, either because they feel induce to do so, or because they desire to do so In other words, leadership is a characteristic that is voluntarily conferred upon a person by others and involves the ability of a person to engage the active and willing cooperation of followers. leadership come in each size, figure, and temperament &8212 short, tall, neat, sloppy, young, old, male, and female. However, they all seem to have some, if not all, of the subsequent constituents The first fundamental constituent of leadership is a guiding vision. The leader has a clear idea of what one desires to remove professionally and personally and the strength to persist in the face of setbacks, even up failures. If not one knows where one is going, and why, one cannot possibly get there. The entropy fundamental constituent of leadership is passion &8212 the underlying passion for the promises of life, fe ature with a very particular passion for a vocation, a profession, a course of action. The leader loves what he does and loves doing it. Tolstoy said that hopes are the dreams of the waking man. Without hope, we cannot survive, some(prenominal) less progress. The leader who communicates passion gives hope and inspiration to other people. The side by side(p) fundamental constituent of leadership is integrity. There are three internal parts of integrity self-knowledge, candor, and maturity. (Leadership Qualities, 2005)Hence it is the status of leader always affects the communications within the group and people with a higher status always intimidate people with a lower statusReferencesLeadership Qualities, What makes a good leader? Retrieved on September 30, 2006 from http//www.teamtechnology.co.uk/leadership-qualities.htmlLussier, R.N., Achua, C.F. (2004). Leadership Theory, Application, Skill, Development, (2nd Ed.). Eagan, MN Thomsen Southwestern.

A Comparative Essay on Plato’s and Aristotle’s Philosophies on Beauty, Tragedy and Art Essay

The experienceence of philosophies in living is important and valuable because they argon to guide and determine the flavours of a somebody. These precepts be what dictates a person to bend as such or to say such affaires. For all of the uncorrupted and complicated philosophies present in the earthly concern and founded by enormous thinkers and philosophers, having a doctrine is as fair as having a belief and that belief is what constitutes our actions, words and thoughts. A philosophical system stooge until now dictate on what kind of school or job person would want to go to.In just most instances, in that respect comes a duration that shallow or inconsequential perceptions of a person-to-person philosophy arises and though it may be as thus, it is still important to remember and consider that a personal philosophy is important for a special(prenominal) personsince it is his or her ingest beliefs, so it is who he or she is or who he or she wants to be regarde d as. No angiotensin-converting enzyme can deny the fact that philosophies accommodate departed through intensive and extensive transformation and progress in the worlds history and it is still transforming and changing in the contemporary propagation we hold up instantly.From the premature ages of the Mesopotamian civilization to the Egyptian kingdoms and to the Romans and the classics, the branch of knowledge we now nonablely call philosophy have had gravid origins and greater mess who do it a point to make their behavior of thinking or personal beliefs knownSocrates, Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli and Nietzsche atomic number 18 just some of the few famous philosophers with antithetic beliefs and different perceptions solely which all aimed at the same topicthat is they wanted to explain how things function, how life is and finally, to point out that there can be a better way of life for e rattlingone concerned.Something as simple and mundane as what is enjoyment or what is love is a particle accelerator for great amount and efforts of thinking since it aims to answer specific things in lifethat is, gracious beingnesss, how are we as humans and how we function? It is just that in the end, one thing leads to another and we are finally caught up with further near to a greater extent difficult, challenging and complex things.On the other hand, no proceeds how complex victor philosophies are and no matter how different the philosophers and their beliefs are, one thing remains the samethe philosophers were excellent people who practiced talented art and this intelligence is what lead them to more profound concerns about things which could have been considered as null. Literature and art for example may seem unimportant compared to politics or religion only if philosophers also studied and scrutinized them.Thus, it is most probable that both literary works and art (although literature can be actually considered as an art itself) were pr obably tremendously seed by the early examples of the Greek and Roman arts. Therefore, the literature and the art which we are admiring and studying immediately are all influenced by the offshoots of the particular philosophies which the likes of Plato and Aristotle believed inand Plato and Aristotle were scarce cardinal of the many known philosophers.There are many others who actively advocated certain beliefs or their philosophies concerning life and they did it (such advocacy) not just for the credit line of intellectual using or personal fame but just because they are in pursuit of something greater for humanity as a whole. The likes of Aristotle and Plato advocated such philosophies since they believed that it aims for better things as what Ahrensdorf wrote philosophical system, on the other hand, seems to teach that the pursuit of wisdom through spring alone is the greatest good for a human being, that reason is therefore capable of both understanding the world and of g uiding us to happiness, and and so that the world is, at the very least, not opposed to our deepest desires. (p. 151) Thus, though philosophy as a branch of knowledge may be very broad but it also influences many aspects for example, as what was written before, literature and art (which are also two important branches of knowledge) is undeniably influenced by philosophy as well.In this paper, the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle will be discussed and will rivet on their beliefs about saucer, cataclysm and art. Though both great philosophers have great connections and are intertwined with each other, and there are even some vague similarities, their views are still astoundingly different and that is what makes it more interesting and intriguing. The Philosophy of Plato Plato was said to be a learner of another great philosopher, Socrates who ducky Plato among his students.When Socrates died, Plato was said to be devastated and yet, he being a student of the great Socrates, c ontinued his teachers legacy and became a man of philosophy as well. It is quite understandable that much of Platos philosophies were offspring of the beliefs of Socrates himself though with many exemptions. Plato was more realistic than his teacher and worldlier. Platos brainls concentrated on society and the ethical than that of Socrates who concentrated on the more meta somatogenetic and incorporeal things of life. In Platos philosophies, the explanation and function of mantrap, art and cataclysm, were exemplified and explained.It is through these troika aspects of life that we are able to further understand Platos cogitate about his beliefs. Beauty According to Plato, yellowish pink is and will never be linked to the world of arts. In fact, he believes that bang can never be art and art can never be delightful. This way of thinking is characterized by his belief that beauty can never exist since if beauty exists then it should correspond to the perfect definition of be auty. For something to be called comely it needs to justify such term and labela thing or a person cannot be scenic just because soul says it so or it has the attributes of being attractive.It should instead, exemplify the perfect virtue of being a beauty. Moreover, Plato believes in the knowledge that if something attractive does exist, then that is the only time that people can commonly acknowledge that such a beauty exists. Therefore, what we as humans have right now is not beauty but a pretentious definition or judgement for beautyaccording to Plato that is. (Adajian and Hughes, p. 5) Art Most famous for Platos argument about art is that on the resign of poetry. Plato argues that art are mere representations and are not real as what an master copy fair game is. Art are therefore considered as imitations, illusions and a lie.Art is merely copying things in their original form and aims to portray the truth of the original form but they would always lose to its attempts sinc e there is nothing more truthful than the original form and nothing more false than art. Platos view on this is most famous for his thrice removed belief wherein artworks present only an appearance of an appearance of what is really real. In simple terms, there is an idea or wee-wee of a person which that person makes into world or an original physical object but art copies that physical object and is thus, the most inferior of all.(Adajian) Tragedy Platos regard for tragedy is not the same intellectual disgust as what he had for the upshot of beauty and art in fact, he is more hostile with the subject of tragedy as he believes that by portraying the greatest human beings as suffering beings, tragedy teaches that the world is fundamentally hostile to our aspirations for happiness (Ahrensdorf, p. 156). Plato, together with the dialogue with his teacher, Socrates (or most likely, inspired by the beliefs of his teacher) further explains wherefore tragedy is not a correct and erring concept.This due to the belief that tragedy deceives people from the truth and unlike art where imitates or mimics a true Form, tragedy actually changes how we perceive true Form and eventually alters how we perceive things. For example, Homer and other tragic poets does not only creates lie with their loony heroes they (meaning the tragedies) also portray mistaken ideals about the Greek gods and how people should act regarding their own personal tragedies. Because of these tragedies, people desire threat and misery and when tragic things do happen in reality, a persons initial and natural reaction would be either in terror or in misery.Moreover, Plato further explains that because of these tragedies, human beings unreasonably become soft and cowardly by filling them with fear (Ahrensdorf, p. 158). It can be even said that Plato is disgusted with the existence of tragedy since it fills people with dread about the idea of destruction and death is something evil. Thus, because of h ow the tragic heroes are portrayed, the audience or people who watch such tragedies are mistakenly believe that death is something to be feared in conclusion, it makes people cower and weaklings. The Philosophy of AristotleIronically, another great philosopher from Greece is Aristotle who was a student of Plato and who had another great person for a studentAlexander the Great. If Socrates inspired and influenced Plato, it can be the same for Aristotle who was inspired and influence by Plato. If Plato was more concerned with the ethical, Aristotle was more concerned with the scientific and made famous terms which are known today such as the label for matter. More than being a philosopher, he was as a scientist as well and his philosophies and beliefs would in some point, turn and come to to science.Though he was a student of Plato and was influenced by him, his beliefs were far different than that of his teacher. For example, on the concepts of beauty, art and tragedy, he had diffe rent ideas compared to Plato. Beauty While Plato believed in the inexistence of beauty as long as something actually perfectly beautiful exists, Aristotle believed otherwise. According to Aristotle, beauty exists weighing on the things surrounding that object or person. Something beautiful exists because it meets certain conditions of being classified as such and usually, these conditions entirely depend on the things within the vicinity of that object.Moreover, he defined any object as beautiful if it is clearly and accurately beautiful. Thus, if Plato believed in perfect beauty, Aristotle believed in measured beauty. This is not that surprising since he was a scientist and believed in more logical and reasonable conclusions than that of mere thoughtful imagination as what Gaut and Lopes wrote, Aristotle explained in many of his writings like Metaphysics and Rhetoric various allusions and explanation on beauty and how it is measurable and definable This passage appears to assume a definition of beauty in terms of size and proportion.So beauty is a real property of things. Aristotle says much the same thing in De Motu Animalum, when distinguishing what is beautiful from what is merely perceived as desirable. Aristotles beauty is real but equivocal. Its meaning derives from the personality of the beautiful thing in question. Aristotle urges his readers to see the beauty of even repellent animals. All living things boast a visualize suited to the purpose of their sustenance and reproduction, and that is what beauty comes to. (pp. 25 26) ArtPlato is not wholly rooting for the subject of art since it is supposedly an imitation and a lie and it can be concluded that Aristotle shares that same belief. Aristotle defines art as something of a realization, a concept which is used to materialize an original and genuine thought. For example, if something is good, and an art is created to depict the concept of goodness then that particular piece of art is a realizatio n. This can be the same as Platos philosophy as of art as an imitation of an idea but Aristotle argues that, Art however is not limited to mere copying.It idealizes nature and completes its deficiencies it seeks to grasp the universal type in the individual phenomenon. (The Internet encyclopaedia of Philosophy) Tragedy As opposed to Platos definition and concept of tragedy wherein the poets are the ones who creates the tragedy, Aristotle has very different view regarding the concept of tragedy wherein tragedy is based on the heros very own nature. establish on the Aristotelian beliefs of tragedy, the hero is wholly good and almost perfect. He is strong, virtuous and good.The gods favour him because he is the hero but if in the end, it is discover that he has a flaw, and then he becomes a tragic hero. notwithstanding there is a critical point on why this is the case. tragical heroes and their pathetic demise exists for one thing and that is to purge the audience of the disembodi ed spirit of fear and sorrow tragedy, in depicting passionate and critical situations, takes the observer outside the selfish and individual standpoint, and views them in connection with the general contend of human being (The Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy).

Reading Skills Essay

demanding daily, makeing deeply, packing wide argon the few primary(prenominal) aptitudes of discip cast from which we back tooth enhance our understanding of enactment, change our phraseology, correct our grammatical mis makes, increase our sentiment capacity and dos in improving or learn any part of a speech communication. The more you memorise the one function you realize the get wind to doing well in the examination, and the key to perform or pose any task in a well equipped way. thither atomic moment 18 many techniques social functiond in indication to get and understand whole judgment or bulge occupation of the passage to change edition. But few important skills of r terminationering ar given below to break contracting.1. Styles of requireing 2. Active yarn 3. A malarky for speeding up your mobile recording 4. Spotting authors navigation have a bun in the oven 5. Words and phraseology pic1. Styles of glance over There ar three styles of reading which we do in varied situations s arse Scanning is what you do to find an answer to a specific interrogative mood. You may run your eyeb all quickly down the page in a zigzag or tress S pattern. If you atomic number 18 faceting for a name, you tag capital letters. For a date, you look for for numbers. Vocabulary run-in may be adventurousfaced or italicized. When you scan for education, you read sole(prenominal) what is needed.Its useful to scan part of textbooks to see if theyre going to be useful to you the introduction or stick in of a book the first or last divides of chapters the concluding chapter of a book. shaving for getting the gist of something Skimming is coat the chapter to get some of the main ideas and a general overview of the material. It is what you do first when reading a chapter assignment. You dont read for circumstances at this point. here is how you glance over a chapter . To p critical review a passage before you read it in detail Read the first divide of the chapter line by line. Next, read all the bold print headings starting at the beginning. Read the first sentence of every(prenominal) paragraph. orbit any pictures, graphs, charts, and maps. Finally, read the last paragraph of the chapter. As you skip over, you could write down the main ideas and maturate a chapter outline. Detailed reading for extracting teaching accurately Where you read every word, and work to learn from the text. In this studious reading, you may find it dish upful to skim first, to get a general idea, solely then go back to read in detail. affair a lexicon to throw off sealed you understand all the language used. pic2. Active readingWhen youre reading for your course, you need to agnise sure youre actively touch on with the text. Its a waste of your time to conscionable passively read, the way youd read a thriller on holiday. Always make notes to keep up your concentration and understanding. Here are fou r tips for active reading. Underlining and set off Pick out what you think are the most important parts of what you are reading. Do this with your own copy of texts or on photocopies, not with borrowed books. If you are a visual learner, youll find it attend toful to use diverse colours to highlight distinguishable aspects of what youre reading.Note key words Record the main headings as you read. Use one or two keywords for distributively point. When you dont want to dirt the text, keep a folder of notes you make trance reading. Questions Before you start reading something like an article, a chapter or a whole book, prepare for your reading by noting down questions you want the material to answer. era youre reading, note down questions which the author raises. Summaries Pause after youve read a section of text.Then 1. put what youve read into your own words 2. skim by performer of the text and check how accurate your drumhead is and 3.fill in any gaps. pic3. A tip for spe eding up your active reading You should learn a huge meter from your reading. If you read passively, without acquire, youre wasting your time. So train your brainiac to learn. Try the SQ3R technique. outset developed by researchers at Ohio utter University, SQ3R is a useful technique for absorb written information. It helps you to create a in consecrateigent mental framework of a dependant, into which you can fit the right facts. It helps you to set shoot goals and prompts you to use the review techniques that pass on help you to remember.The acronym SQ3R stands for the five sequential techniques you should use to read a book scan, Question, Read, Recite and suss out. Survey Gather the information you need to direction on the work and set goals Read the title to help prepare for the subject Read the introduction or summary to see what the author thinks are the key points telling the boldface headings to see what the social structure is Notice any maps, graphs or cha rts. They are there for a purpose Notice the reading help, italics, bold face, questions at the end of the chapter. They are all there to help you understand and remember.Question Help your mind to engage and concentrate. Your mind is engaged in learning when it is actively flavor for for answers to questions. do work questions that can be answered during the reading of the material. This will give a purpose to your reading. collide with a heading and turn it into a question. For standard, if a heading in a chapter about Cell Division is in your biology text, make a question by turning the title nigh How does cell division occur? or How many steps are involved in cell division? Read Read the first section with your questions in mind. Now you read the material acting to find answers to your questions.This is a careful reading, line by line. You may want to take notes or make flashcards. Recall As you read, look away from your book and notes and try to answer your ques tions. This checks your learning and helps put that information in your memory. After each section, period of time and think back to your questions. See if you can answer them from memory. If not, take a look back at the text. Do this as often as you need to.. Review To check your memory, scan portions of the material or your notes to verify your answers. Review the material and note the main points under each heading. This review step helps you retain the material.The SQ3R method is unless one technique that can be used to retain information you ask while reading. Students learn in different ways. Therefore they should be aware of their learning styles. Knowing whether you are an Auditory (learn by hearing), Visual (learn by seeing) or kinaesthetic (hands-on) learner helps you to understand your best learning environment. The SQ3R technique of reading can help to enhance your reading skills no field of study what your style is. pic4. Spotting authors navigation aids Learn to re cognize sequence signals, for example Three advantages of or A number of methods are available leads you to expect several(prenominal) points to follow. The first sentence of a paragraph will often indicate a sequence One important grow of followed by Another important agent and so on, until The final cause of common points are often illustrated by particular(prenominal) examples, for example General Birds beaks are befittingly shaped for feeding. Particular Sparrows and other seed-eating birds turn in short, stubby beaks wrens and other insect eaters tolerate thin pointed beaks herons and other fish hunters hold up long, sharp beaks for spearing their prey. Whatever you are reading, be aware of the authors background.It is important to recognize the bias given to paternity by a authors political, religious, social background. Learn which newspapers and journals represent a particular standpoint pic5. Words and expression When youre a graduate the great unwashed expec t you to use a vocabulary which is wider than a school-leavers. To expand your vocabulary bring a large lexicon quite an than one which is compact or condensed. You want one which is big abounding to define words clearly and helpfully (around 1,500 pages is a good size). vacate dictionaries which pull you round in circles by dear crowing synonyms. A pocket mental lexicon might suggest impetuous = heedless.A more comprehensive dictionary will tell you that impetuous means rushing with force and violence, while another gives liable to act without circumstance, and add to your understanding by giving the derivation 14th century, from late Latin impetuous = violent. It will tell you that rash means acting without receivable consideration or thought, and is derived from centenarian High German rasc = hurried. So inherent these two similar words is the disagreement between violence and hurrying. There are over 600,000 words in the Oxford slope Dictionary most of them have d ifferent meanings, (only a small proportion is synonyms).Avoid dictionaries which send you round in circles by using very complicated language to define the term youre looking up, leaving you struggling to understand half(a) a dozen new words. aliment your dictionary at hand when youre studying. Look up unfamiliar words and work to understand what they mean. Improve your vocabulary by reading widely. practice skills in a precis form Comprehensions Reading comprehension is a basic skill that each college student must possess. trust it or not, reading is a complex, increase skillnot acquired overnight learning to read and comprehend takes practice.Comprehension involves obtaining information from written text. A commentator who comprehends a text accurately understands what the writer think to communicate. She understands the purpose and the main idea. Comprehension cannot be observed directly, but a indorser who is able to retell, paraphrase or take up a text demonstrates c omprehension. Interpretation When a reader interprets a text, he is employing a critical persuasion strategy. He uses record and clues from the text to draw conclusions and looks for larger or more universal principals in what he has read.Interpretation requires going beyond the initial impression of what he has read to develop a more complex and concluded understanding. Analysis When a reader analyzes the text, she identifies the assumptions of the writer and examines the structure of the argument. She asks questions such as, Does the evidence support the argument? and Does it support the conclusions the writer draws? She is looking for evidence of a logical and/or consistent argument. Synthesis With synthesis, the skilled reader is able to show how a text develops or builds meaning.He sorts out and reconstructs ideas in a text to point out how they are interrelated. He compares and extends meaning from aggregate sources. Evaluation Evaluation, determining the quality and effectiveness of a text, is the highest level of critical thinking associated with reading, according to Lesley Thompson, Senior Assessment and obligation Program Associate at the northwestward Regional Education Laboratory. An effective reader evaluates the merit of the text by conscription on her own experience and experience and considering whether other sources provide evidence that agrees with or contradicts the writers argument.

Lorca’s play on tragic love

Lorcas cope with on tragic slam, The shack of Bernarda Alba, is his last complete mould. It is interpreted as a metaphor of repression with its theme focused on frustration, whiteness and oddment. The scarper contains both(prenominal) the passion and the torment in the raging struggle of a group of women held in check even from the thought of love by a tyrannical mother, Bernarda. The drama investigates and provides a response, but not a solution, to the problems of oppression, transgression, sexuality and being a victim. Bernardas strict rule is as effective as the wilful personality of the youngest fair sex who betrays the family.Her ability to satisfy her sexual appetency symbolic anyy shatters the order of extreme repression and unattackable control. Her rebellion and last mark the reasons and effect of the repressed atmosphere. Ultimate protest, despair, and madness underscore the even more extreme control, ingrowing fear, mindlessness, and especially silenc e that befall the women who catch ones breath in the kin. However more scrutinizing turn up to the issue of victim in the cope with reveals that not only Bernardas daughters get on as victims but Bernarda herself being a victimizer is a victim.Bernarda Alba is the mother, a striking personality, whose words carry the authority of the tyrannical ruler and whose sustenance shows little emotion. In this austerity she rules her house keep back, never sparing from her indignation anyone who get downs to revoke the stifling atmosphere she has lay on herself and her daughters. As a result, all Bernarda, the daughters, the servants exist in darkness and slack ultimately leading to sterility of emotions and at long last to suicide.Bernarda is a selfish and tyrannical matron who finally forces her daughters into the despair. They lose every vestige of desire this loss leads directly to the moral death of each daughter and to the corporeal death of the youngest. Slowly, but u nequivo come up toy, Bernarda drains the minds and learnts of her daughters until they become as white and barren as the walls of their physical prison the metaphor of which is conveyed by the opthalmic nature of the house with its thick walls and a few windows and doors leading to the outside world.However, this operative visual image exceeds its literal marrow and, above all, represents a sociocultural base keeping all the main char wagerers of the play in subordination to favorable dogmas and rules. at heart the curb of its walls Bernarda and her family repeat the old traditions, give c ar many generations of women that preceded them. This repetitive and collective act obliterates the uniqueness of the individual for the sake of preserving time-worn hegemony.When reading The House of Bernarda Alba it becomes obvious that the plays most powerful faculty is in its dialogues, while the characters are check in their movement and space indoors a closed location. By dint of auditive means, Lorca reaches the explication of the contrast between girls and their mother. This contrast is accentuate by the other devices like contras of colored and white, and these two colours are highlighted passim the play the black dresses of the women in mourning, in contrast to the very white walls of the house.Moreover, Bernardas authoritarian voice stands out as she commands, Silence p. 161 at the opening, throughout, and overthrow of the play, about related in each miscue to the death of one member of the family and the eldritch death of those living. Despite Bernardas call for silence, other sounds succeed in perspicacious the thick walls and contribute to define the nature of their society and the dichotomy between life inside and outside the house. Bernardas house is a household without men. This is by peck as well as by authors intention to implant controversial circumstances.Upon the death of her husband, she must involve the patriarchal role of p rotecting her daughters honour and forbids the presence of men inside the confines of the house, thus limiting the world her daughters are allowed to tell apart. Her house is clearly governed by patriarchal forces. Pepe el Romano, the male character we do not see but hear about, is the strongest motivating force in the play. Bernardas authoritarian discourse stubbornly reproduces what she intentional from her father and her grandfather.This concept associates property with social class, as Bernarda is well aware. When one of her daughters has the luck of marrying, she does not allow it BERNARDA, loudly. Id do it a thousand times over My personal line of credit wont mingle with the Humanas while I belong His father was a shepherd. (p. 191). The situation within the walls of her house would have been quite contrastive had Bernarda found enough men of her social condition to marry her daughters. Lorca indicts society, and the reader big businessman be inclined to condemn Bernar da as well.Although she is not aware of it, Bernarda is a victim turned victimizer. In the same means that her daughter, Adela, is symbolically suffocated by her mothers oppression, as she commits suicide by hanging, Bernardas maternal feelings have been suffocated by society. As a widow, she uses her newly found powers to perpetuate those values that benefit men. She becomes their accomplice. Her husband was a womanizer, and she claims that men should enjoy the freedom of the streets. Women should be confined in the house, against their natural instincts.Bernarda is, at best, an imperfect man, as exemplified in her failed attempt to use the gun a phallic symbol. BERNARDA The gun Wheres the gun? She rushes out. La Poncia runs frontward of her. Amelia enters and looks on frightened, leaning her head against the wall. backside her comes Martirio. ADELA No one can hold me back She tries to go out. A fortuity is heard. BERNARDA, entering Just try feeling for him now MARTIRIO, ent ering That does away with Pepe el Romano. ADELA Pepe My God Pepe She runs out. PONCIA Did you kill him?MARTIRIO No. He raced away on his mare BERNARDA It was my fault. A woman cant aim (p. 210) Within the play another mother figure, Maria Josefa, vehemently distances herself from Bernarda and approaches Adela, thus leaving Bernarda without support and helpless. She sings a lullaby while holding a baby (a lamb) in her arms, an act that Bernarda loose of maternal instincts seems incapable of performing. Bernarda as a mother figure becomes dehumanized and thus closer to the dimensions of a grotesque caricature.At the ancestor of the play the maid La Poncia threatens Bernardas public image with her gossip. At the end of the play, and despite Bernardas call for silence, we know that the neighbours have awakened. The thick walls have been rendered unusable and the tyrannical figure of Bernarda fall a prey to societal judgement. Bibliography LORCA, Federico Garcia Three Tragedies ca ble Wedding, Yerma, Bernarda Alba. Translated by J. G. Lujan and R. L. OConnell. New York, New Directions Publishing, 1955.