Summative Assessments

Summative assessments be used by educators to assess action at law of students at the end of an instructional unit or at the end of a course. Results of summative assessments are used for four-fold purposes: assigning grades, promoting students, determining to which degree objectives have been mastered, and more recently, evaluating the soused point of instruction and certifying schools (Miller, Linn & Gronlund, 2009). There are several instruments that are effective for summative create verbally assessments: portfolios, denary extract tests, and holistic musical composition. In fact, the Council on College Composition and Communication raises in Writing judgement: A Position Statement (National of Teachers of English, 2006) that multiple measures of assessment should be used to ensure that a regeneration of skills in several(a) contexts are represented, thus reflecting a realistic count on of students ability. legion(predicate) responsibilitys, including Virginia, use both holistic and multiple choice writing assessments to measure student writing achievement. Other states such as tonic York use portfolios, especially in primary grades.

Valencia (1990) and Wiggins (1989) state that portfolio assessments have multiple benefits which include focused student preparation goals, opportunities for reflection, and accommodations for multiple learning styles (Supovitz, Macgowan & Slattery, 1997). Moreover, Miller and Legg (1993) state that portfolios present a picture of students progress and provide evidence of their abilities (Supovitz, Macgowan & Slattery, 1997) . Portfolios usefulness extends beyond the! classroom. Portfolios are often used for college admission and put-on job (Miller, Linn & Gronlund, 2009). These performance-based assessments provide samples of students work and can be taken from assignments. However, the interrater dependableness of portfolios has been questioned. The Rochester City School District, an urban district in Rochester, cutting York, made portfolios mandatory in 1987 to address...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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