Examining The Theories For Effective Practice

Examining The Theories For Effective PracticeMy choice to apply these two theories to the case scenario of Ms Joanna is base on the structure of these methods. Payne (2005, p 97) cites that two crisis intercession and task-centred execute reflect a contemporary bm towards brief, tensionsinged and structured theories that deal with immediate, practical fusss. Because of the new-fangled diagnosis of breast plundercer, Joanna is faced with some troublesome decisions concerning her sons future. She wants to be sure that she would make the best decision available. T herefore task-centred hail would be the best modality for her to achieving this and any other problems that might arise during the exploration process.Task-centred approach tends to be very structured and person-centred and it sight be oriented to ease the just about pressing problems. Task-centred manage has been developed within SW itself and tried in a wide variety of circumstances. The procedural aspect of task-centred practice has clearly been shaped by community distribute policy and c atomic number 18 management. Time-limits, plan and contract based are key features of care management practice (Ford and Postle, 2000).The method is informed by a theoretical framework, which includes elements of systems hypothesis, ego psychology, behaviourism, and empowerment theory. wherefore the precise form it may take will be influenced by one or more of these theoretical traditions. Task-centred practice draws heavily from other problem solving methodology such as overconfident reframing from family therapy (Payne, 1997) and is in direct contrast to the more paternalistic professional practice traditionally employed. The values of self-de borderination and empowerment are central, as the helping user, in this case Joanna, is ingestn as the best authority on her problems. Task-centred work fits closely with concepts of pardnership and participation, in that Joanna should be fully info rmed and as fully touch as possible through by this process. Its formula stance on open, collaborative and accountable practice is clearly compatible with the values of AOP (Doel and Marsh, 1992).Ford and Postle (2000, p 53) the approach is focused on problem-solving, and is mindless-term and time-limited. The principle aim of task-centred work is to resolve problems presented by the service user. Hence the starting point of this practice is the problem. Task-centred practice is characterised by mutual clarity and therefore should only be carried out under the following trinity conditions. The service user must acknowledge the problem and be willing to work on it, they should be in a position to take action to reduce the problem and the problem must be specific and limited in nature. In this scenario Joanna has presented herself to the social worker, she has asked for help in decision making.Firstly the SW has to identify the main components and problems. For the SW this would be a task which would strike careful consideration, planning and analysis.The recent diagnosis of an advanced breast malignant neoplastic disease requires Joanna to explore different options for planning her sons future. Therefore the initial var. of task-centred practice is problem exploration. During this phrase key problems are identified, and then prioritised. There should be a maximal of three problems where the SW would be working on with Joanna. Too many selected problems will probably be given to confusion and dissipated effort Doel and Marsh (1992, p 31).Having identified the problem(s) the SW would then find out what Joanna wants are. Once the basis for work is established, the SW and Joanna precede in a series of incremental go towards the goal(s). According to Doel and Marsh (1992) the journey from agreeing the objective to achieving it is measured in small steps called tasks. These are c multitudehe into place by Joanna and the SW. As a result this would help Joan na in achieving her objective and the alleviation of the problem.Methods or techniques for achieving the task(s) should be negotiated with Joanna. Task-centred practice is designed to enhance the problem solving skills of participants. Therefore it is beta that tasks undertaken by clients train elements of decision making and self-direction.The task-centred approach would enable fast and effective support to Joanna. The time-limit is a brief line of reasoning about the likely length of time needed to reach the goal Doel Marsh (1992, p 51). A time limit is important for a number of reasons. It guards against drift, allows time for a review and encourages accountability. It withal acts as an indicator of progress (Adams, Dominelli and Payne, 2002). The task set is made up of a series of developments and reviews. The execution of reviews is important as it allows for an assessment of the success of the steps taken. The ending of the process of task-centred work will have been ev aluate at the initial phrase. The concluding session should include a review of the work that has been accomplished by Joanna in order to alleviate the target problem.The main advantage of the task-centred practice are that it does not squiffy simply assigning tasks but it is a very well researched, feasible, and cost-effective method of working. The source of the problem is not presumed to reside in only the service-user. Attention is paid to external factors such as eudaimonia rights and housing, and where there is scope to supply power it is taken in the form of information and knowledge giving. It also addresses the strengths of people and their networks. Task-centred attempts to put worker and client on the same level Coulshed Orme (1998, p 123).Althought the advantages to task-centred practice nooky be easily identified, the disadvantages and drawbacks are not as easy, as they are based on research. Therefore, it is not only looking at the approach widely and hypothesising disadvantages, but putting the approach into practice and gathering relevant information to analyse any negative conclusions. Some of these disadvantages would be that underlying problems requiring longer term approaches may go unnoticed, it requires sustained efforts from service user who may sometimes be unable to do this due to physical or aroused strengths. Clients may be overwhelmed by problems and unable to deal with them in a structured way. However the SW would still have a positive gain by improving their susceptibility for clearer thinking and forward planning, which in turn brings on successful intervention Coulshed Orme (1998, p 119).Moving on to Crisis intervention, which can be quite diverse with the models that uses. Payne (199, p 101) states that crisis intervention uses elements of ego-psychology from psychodynamic perspective. It focuses on the service-users worked up responses or reactions to external events and how to control them. Strategies of crisis interv ention are based on psychological theory However, these are adapted and modified to fit the demands of the crisis function.Crisis is a universal concept which affects people from all cultures. James and Gilliland make a crisis as a perception or experiencing of an event or situation as an insufferable difficulty that exceeds the persons current resources and coping mechanisms (2001, p 3). People in crisis situations may overlook or cut important details and distinctions that occur in their environment and might have trouble relating ideas, events, and actions in a logical way.Crisis intervention, therefore, is an action plan to help people cope with immediate acute stressful demands. Hence, as crisis intervention focuses on resolving immediate problems and emotional conflicts through a minimum number of contacts. The world-class stage would be to enable the service-user to make sense of what has happened to them and to begin to liveliness in control. Drawing on Joannas situati on, one can easily see that this type of approach would benefit her in many ways. Joannas cancer is advanced and the life-time left may not be very long. She is aware of her health situation and would need help with her emotional situation as well as Jacobs.Joanna sees herself in a state of emotional disequilibrium and is struggling to adjust and find a new sense of balance of all her problems, her emotional situation might seem insuperable at the time. Joana does not tone of voice in control of her life anymore but still is trying to manage.Crisis intervention, intervenes when people have reached a situation in their lives they can no longer cope with. Thompson (2005, p 69) describes it as a turning point in peoples lives which creates a lot of energy that can be used positively to tackle problems, resolve difficulties and move beyond preceding barriers to progress. This would empower and help Joanna to identify her major problems and find better coping mechanisms. By providing support such as home visits this would help with the breakdown of care for her son and family as well as aim Joanna time for herself to come to terms with her illness.The methods I would use are the Roberts (1995, p 18) seven stage model. The foremost stage would be by assessing lethality. Although Joanna presented herself to the SW she might not be the only person most at risk it might be that Jacob is facing emotional reaction that can even lead story to self harm. Therefore the SW should plan and conduct a crisis assessment as well as lethality measures. James and Gilliland emphasise that assessment should be a constant part of crisis intervention, because of rapidly changing emotions Payne (2005, p 105).The second stage of this model would be establishing a rapport and effective communication skills. This can be easily achieved by genuinely respecting and accepting Joanna and her family and sometimes reassuring that behaviour is not unreasonable or unexpected, this may help t o achieve the rapport building.In the third stage the SW has to Identify what Joanna sees as her major problems. Myers (2001) distinction between affective, cognitive and behavioural aspects of the reaction to the crisis are also relevant here (Payne, 2005 107). In the fourth stage the social worker would be actively working on Joannas feelings and emotions, as when dealing with an immediate problem, it can be easy to miss out or avoid to focus on feelings. The fifth stage involves looking at the past coping mechanisms. In Joanas situation, the death of her partner can be seen as a success. Success should be highlighted and reinforced Payne (2005, p 108).In stage six Joana would be working with her SW to understand why the crisis situation was so distressing. Finding a way to manage the situation and formulating an action plan that works for her, so that she can reach her goals and would feel empowered. In the final stage the SW has to make sure that Joanna would feel able to return if get on problems arise and establish an action plan for Joanna and family, to help them indentify likely stressful points in the future.During this process, the SW should anticipate self aware of own biases and vulnerabilities and recognize how these could have an impact on her own judgment and actions. Payne, (1996, p 43) quotes that the term intervention is demolishive. It indicates the moral and political authority of the social worker to invade the social territories of service users. Even though Joanna presented herself for help, she could still see this intervention as being intrusive this may oppress her and make her feel powerless. She has had the main role of the parent and house keeper in the family and may feel that these have been taken away from her.Joanna may feel detached from her family and internalize the problem, and may not focus on the situation instead she may focus on the intrusion. So the SW may not get a true picture of her feelings and may interpret th ings wrongly and make assumptions. Crisis intervention can be seen as oppressive at times as it demands quick answers in a short time frame. Therefore not taking into consideration different culture background which may see this as questioning and make them feel discriminated against.In conclusion both try to improve peoples capacity to deal with life problems. Crisis intervention uses practical tasks to help people readjust they place great enormousness in the emotional response to the crises and the chances of peoples capacity to manage their everyday problems in the future. Task-centred work focuses on performances in practical tasks which will resolve particular problems. Success in achieving tasks helps emotional problems. Crisis intervention has a theory of origin of life difficulties. Task-centred work takes problems as given, to be resolved pragmatically. Payne (2005)In summary, I have discussed task-centred and crisis intervention approaches and identified that despite the ir different origins and differing emphasis, both these approaches have a role to play in promoting the anti-oppressive approach in SW practice by restoring as much control as possible and validate and celebrating strengths. They both reject the long term intervention of psychodynamic work which makes the service-user more dependent on the worker. Both theories promote the time limited and more focused way of working with service-users. Although the approaches have limitations, they provide frameworks for SW to engage with the service-users in the most effective way.

Critique of how to fix financial reporting

Critique of how to fix pecuniary coerageThis radical has been taken from businessweek and is written by David Bogoslaw. He is a graduate micturate the University of Columbia. His main surface ara of research and informage includes energy, chemical industry, science and culture.The primary aim of this brood is to identify the loopholes in mo fireary reporting and find solutions to improve the hydrofoil in it. In the wake of current crisis the report has to a greater extent enormousness as some of the causes of this recent turmoil I context of fiscal reporting are discussed.The report suggests that a major(ip) overhaul of the global fiscal reporting frame work is required. Although legion(predicate) reforms and some basic structural make over are needed but main rivet of the report remains the transparency and accuracy in pecuniary expressation.Bogoslaw claims that one of the major fact shadower this pecuniary crisis is the risky investments which has forced the p aper based financial derivative economy to collapse. Banks and mortgage labor companies are the worst victim of this current financial crisis as they begin failed to recognise the risk in their products because of the interlocking nature of the products. The report as well as tells that some confusing report practices drive home misled the investor by boastful wrong and coloured nurture. Most of the financial annalists are regulators are agreed on the basic member of faith to frig around the investors confidence back all the financial institutions leave set out to improve transparency in their reporting mental synthesis.The creator has foc apply in tetrad major areas where he conceives that the financial management of either loyal go for to look for loopholes and work out the possible solutions to fix them. harmonise to Professor roof of Minnesota Miller who teaches accounting at the University of Colorado, its clipping for companies to change their view ab out capital commercialises. In the early(prenominal) three decades they energize successfully identified some of the major elements for their growth and success but they have failed to recognise the magnificence of one in truth important factor. They have managed to build customer loyalty and employee book through collapse care and incentives. They have in like manner adopted just-in- cartridge holder supply chain management and utile use of selective information technology has developed good communication with their suppliers. But he thinks that well-nigh of the companies have failed to recognise the importance the forth factor which is capital market. Miller argues that a firm essential inform capital market about prospective cash flow and intended use of the gained capital. He argues that microscopic or biased information go out have negative effect of firms reputation. In his views managers in the capital markets are fit enough to figure out each doubtful financi al information cand by the company and are in a better position to take decision about the investment.William Isaac who has been chairperson of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in mid 1980s blames FABSs 15 years grey-haired rule which requires assets to be valued at their current market value. He believes that this rule puts companies in a difficult position to use this rule when the value of their assets has a temporary decline. This further forces the company to publish d experience their asset values and thus equity is destroyed.But siemens and FASB have developed a new way to over come this by allowing companys top management to use their own financial models to value assets when their value has a huge decline in the market.Miller also focuses on qualification derivatives more transparent. He argues that its time to regain the investors confidence for financial stability.He believes that some of the financial reporting practices have to be reformed. Off -balance- rag week financing and pension fund accounting practices under U.S GAAP have to be reformed.IASB and FASB are working together to improve the qualitative characteristics of financial reports, they have successful in the formation of FAS 158 under which pension fund assets and liabilities are shown on the firms balance sheet as mesh topology amount instead of in footnotes.In his views, banks now have to introduce plain- vanilla investment products.Kenneth Scott who is a professor at Stanford University thinks that trust for securitized assets like CMO,s give the bounce simply be gained by improving transparency among these assets as the current structure of these assets is very conf utilize e.gCMO,s CDO,s and CDO squared mixed up and they confuse the investor.The complex structure almost made it impossible for asset managers to calculate the losses in all these assets.Scotts suggests that to improve the transparency for these complex structured securitized asset there is need of a basic data bank. He thinks that this is the time for us to realise the need of an electronic financial reporting system. A data base which get all the related financial information and process it to make information more accurate and useful, this will further reduce the uncertainty. To achieve this, trust rating agencies can contribute much as they already have data collected which they use to identify the amount of risk associated with individuals and companies when it comes to financial decision do process.Philip Moyer who is chief decision maker of EDGAR online, emphasis the use of electronic data base formats. According to him this will draw analyst and regulators more time and freedom to break the data. XBRL is one the most successful software used by many countries to analyze and compare companys financial data with much ease.One the another(prenominal) perish Cindy Fornelli, who is executive director of the Washington based Centre for Audit Quality, says that inves tors need to get more admittance to tools which can help them to understand deeply the financial statements of any company before make any investment decision. CQA has recently completed a year and half spacious claim which was focused on the possible ways to improve the financial reporting structure. The key participants were investors, company officials former chairman of SEC and a state Attorney General. They suggests that financial reports should identify the key performance indicators for the industry in which the firm is trading. This will enable the investor to compare this with other companies and the overall condition of the industry.IntroductionI have been asked to spare a critique on David Bogoslaw report how to fix financial reporting. This report has been published in line Week Online and is important in context of recent financial crisis. Bogoslaw has carefully presented the views of some of the major pay and accounting professional persons. Almost 95% of the re port is based on the views of these professionals. This report is also a study in the financial crisis and the role of financial reporting in this regard. First I will analyze the key substantive issues raised by the article and then will check the overall reliableness of the stated facts and criticism about financial reporting.Substantive IssuesThe report How to Fix Financial Reporting has four main substantive issue to look at and they are as follows complexity in derivatives superior market ignoranceRole of electronic financial reportingOff balance sheet financingComplexity in derivativesOne of the major element which has shaken the investors trust in the capital market is the complexity which lies in the derivatives. They confuse the investor and it becomes almost impossible for an investor to judge the risk involve in these products. On the other hand Kenneth Scott who is a professor at Stanford University thinks that trust for securitized assets like CMO,s can only be gained by improving transparency among these assets. The current structure of these assets is very complex as CMO,s CDO,s and CDO squared are pooled together.The complex structure almost made it impossible for asset managers to calculate the losses in all these assets.Bogle et al (2009),suggests that in a risk aware culture banks and other lending or mortgage originators must consider the creditworthiness of the borrower. Transparency enables investors to have a reasonable basis fortheir views and reveals existing and potential conflictsof interest.It is suggested by the report that to get the investors back on track banks now have to introduce plain-vanilla investment products for a in short period of time. This seems obvious as banks are mostly hit by this global economics retard down.According to Derman (2009), banks now have to take time to consider the risk involve with any figure of decision. This can be achieved by reducing the complexity in the financial products. As plain vanil la products are less complex so the investors are more attracted to less complex products as they believe that they are well aware of the risk involved in these products.Scotts suggests that to improve the transparency for all these complex structured securitized asset there is need of basic data bank. To get such a data bank which have all the information regarding all these asset pools is very difficult.Capital Market IgnoranceThe report suggests that companies have failed to recognise the real importance of the capital market. The relationship between firms financial management and the capital market is very important for the success of any firm. According to Professor Paul Miller who teaches accounting at the University of Colorado, its time for companies to change their view about capital markets. In the past three decades they have successfully identified some of the major elements for their growth and success but they have failed to recognise the importance of one very import ant factor. They have managed to build customer loyalty and employee support through better care and incentives. They have also adopted just-in-time supply chain management and effective use of information technology has developed good communication with their suppliers. But he thinks that most of the companies have failed to recognise the importance the forth factor which is capital market. Miller argues that a firm must inform capital market about prospective cash flow and intended use of the gained capital. He argues that little or biased information will have negative effect of firms reputation. In his views managers in the capital markets are competent enough to figure out any doubtful financial information provided by the company and are in a better position to take decision about the investment.Role of electronic financial reportingThis has been suggested in the report by Scotts that one of the possible way to achieve transparency in some complex structured securitized assets is by using a basic data bank.He thinks that this is the time for us to realise the need of an electronic financial reporting system. A data base which get all the related financial information and process it to make information more accurate and useful, this will further reduce the uncertainty. To achieve this, credit rating agencies can contribute much as they already have data collected which they use to identify the amount of risk associated with individuals and companies when it comes to financial decision making process.Philip Moyer who is chief executive of EDGAR online, emphasis the use ofelectronic data base formats. According to him this will install analyst and regulators more time and freedom to analyze the data. XBRL is one the most successful software used by many countries to analyze and compare companys financial data with much ease .most finance executive accepted the Sec mandate on XBRL. Although this software is really helpful in representation of financial data but company has to consider some critical issues in using these products. According to Stuart(2009), its companys own responsibility to validate data. Finance staff should make sure that the tags in XBRL should match taxonomy and the underlying 10-Q or 10-K before it goes off to SEC.XBRL has a framework which guides companies to prepare financial statements according International Accounting Standard.This has been shown in the fig1.source http//www.xbrl.org/taxonomy/int/fr/ias/Off-balance sheet financing and operating leaseOff-balance-sheet financing has been criticised by Miller in this report. He believes that companies take advantage of the current GAAP rules when it comes to the operating lease.He believes that some of the financial reporting practices have to be reformed. Off -balance-sheet financing and pension fund accounting practices under U.S GAAP have to be reformed.IASB and FASB are working together to improve the qualitative characteristics of financial reports, they h ave successful in the formation of FAS 158 under which pension fund assets and liabilities are shown on the firms balance sheet as net amount instead of in footnotes.Finance directors prefer operating lease as it makes their balance sheet shrink. As a general rule-of-thumb a lease does not have to be capitalised so long as the net present value of the lease liabilities amounts to less than 90% of the actual value of the asset.According to Andrew Lennard of Britians Accounting Board the distinction between operating lease and finance lease is a attractive line. If a lease is giving the company control like of ownership then the accounts should reflect that. So all the lease should be on the balance sheet.This can misled the investors and other stake holders like credit companies as if they capitalise their operating lease their gearing ratios will shoot up.But off-balance-sheet financing can be a useful tool. This compels the investors to look deeply into the some kind of off-the-bo ok deals. But many companies are reluctant to provide such kind of information. So the key issue remains the disclosure (Feldman, Amy 2002). severeness of the implied criticism of corporate financial reportingTo validate any of the criticism made in this article we have to look into the related literature and some the regulation which govern the financial practices in the market. The most important things to consider in this regard is the conceptual framework and qualitative characteristics of financial information.The qualitative characteristics of financial information defines four main characteristics in any financial information namely reliability, comparability, understanding and relevance.The reports says that investors confidence in markets can only be regained by improving the financial transparency. So basically the author suggests that reliability of the financial information has to be achieved.For financial information to be reliable it must be free from errors. The prese ntation should be faithful and neutral. It has to be prudent and complete(Elliott Elliott 2008).The author believes that many companies have failed to provide accurate and complete information about their financial standing which is against the qualitative characteristics of financial information.The report also discuss the off-balance sheet finance and operating leases as the current structure of financial reporting makes it wicked for a common investor to recognise and understand the firms real financial position. We again look this fact from the spot of qualitative characteristics of financial reporting and come up with the answer that these practices reduce the understandbility of the information.The report emphasis that it is basic responsibility of firms management to keep capital markets informed about their financial standing. Deliberately biased information will effect the companys reputation and will have a negative effect on their over all performance. This comes under the objectives of financial reporting as governments and other agencies like capital markets are also the come under one the main user group of firms financial information in the form of financial statements(Elliott Elliott 2008)ConclusionsAlthough finance has never been a previous reporting filed for David Bogoslaw but he has produced a very good and comprehensive report on a very complex subject with the help of professional approach. The major part of the report consists of financial and accounting personalities of decent repute which makes this report more attractive. The report basically emphasis the need of more transparency in financial reporting structure. The four major areas of concern in this report are short shrift to capital markets, restructuring of complex derivatives, need for electronic financial reporting and some basic changes in accounting techniques.The author has been successful in sending his contentedness out about the role of financial reporting in curren t financial crisis.Need for a basic financial data base has been conveyed in the report. This data base will not only speed up the process of financial reporting but also make this information more timely and reliable.

Principles of social control theory

Principles of hearty construe hypothesisSocial Control Theories.Mevery criminological theories unendingly explain why do bulk enthr maven offense, or to find out what argon the approximately influential f spielors motivate people commit crime and violate the social norms. Instead, social control theories go for been already assumed humans ar potentially committing crime. Moreover, the social control or social bond certificate theory is emphasizing why a person do non be a deplorable. In social control theorists assumptions, several(prenominal)s sire the capacity to violate the righteousnesss rather than adjust the laws. Law-abiding behaviors are not the nature of human cosmoss. People choose to commit crime because the forces or constrains of society is not strongest enough. It portrays people are standing in the dilemma between deviance and conformity. It shows the tension of everyone either commit degenerate meet or accepts the norms. therefore, social control theorists propose a few elements to pull people ski binding from the side of deviance, especially relationship, commitments, values, norms, and beliefs. Family and peer group conk a crucial agencies that affect peoples conduct.Albert J ReissThe reasonableness of those early control theorists arguments are very important because they presented a framework or some elemental propositions within the many theories of delinquency and crime. Each social control theorist had also been done an a posteriori study of their findings to support their point of views. Starting from an article wrote by Albert J Reiss (1951), his argument might be reproduced from Freuds concept of ego or superego mainly. He aims at noticing the prediction of probation revocation among juvenile offenders. He cerebration youths have a mortifieder personal controls that might more likely to become juvenile delinquency. That is, those junior people lack of ability to refrain from desiring their ask when having conflict with the rules or norms of the society. Nevertheless, his explanation of juvenile delinquency is weak when discussing the relationship between probation revocation and school performance as truancy.Jackson TobyIn 1957, Jackson Toby, a second social control theorist, offered a new concept called stake in conformity which as the fundamental mechanism to affect delinquents comportment. He also agreed that people are intrinsically and temptingly rupturing the laws, especially all youths. Some of them are having a high risk of the colza of laws due to this temptation. He believes students perform well in school not only they are being punished by school, but also endanger their future chances of success. Under the special academic-oriented circumstance, if the society allows students having a better career path when they got an excellent school result therefore, some students who do poorly in school might have a great chance of committing crime because they seems lose lesser t hings than others. apart(predicate) from the academic result of an individual is an influential factor, peer support for deviant act could lead those youths with low stakes in conformity as well. However, even youths have low stake in conformity, they are not become delinquents when lacking of peer support.F. Ivan NyeIn 1958, Nye then concentrated on the issue of family relationship. He though that family is a single most crucial root of social control for adolescents. He dual-lane diffent forms of control much(prenominal)(prenominal) as direct control, internal control, and indirect control. Direct control means the frank restriction or punishments of a person. Internal control refered to a inward monitor or consciences. validating control linked to affectional or emotional identification with parents, non criminals or legal codes. He give tongue to that if all the above controls are sufficient, then those adolescents are more conform the rules of society. Nyes study had been tested by an empircal experiment. However, his experiment had been challenged by Toby already. First, altough Nye called the sample group as most delinquent, but many criminologist called them nondelinquents. collect to the sample group was selected in high school which was not included any youths age 15 or younger, and any youths age 16 with dropped out of school. Furthermore, the questions being asked in questionnaires were too trivial such as taking things worth less than $2, and damaging public or private property. Therefore, Nye cannot recognize the potently relationship between family bonding and serious delinquent conducts.Walter C. RecklessIn 1961, another social control theorist called Reckless, who proposed a containment theory. The main concept is that all individuals are influenced by different forces such as social pressure, social pulls, biological/ psychological pushes. Those forces are driving people to commit deviant act. However, these forces are againsted by bo th external and inner containments. For instance, social pressure can be defined as living conditions, family conflict, minority group, status, and lack of opportunities. Then the term social pulls is refered to the accepted norm of all individuals from their companions, criminal subculture, mass media and so on. Biological or psychological pushes can be easily linked to how those biological and psychological factors affect people fail to conform the norms of society, such as restlessness, inner tension, aggressiveness and so on. On the contrary, external containment is talking about the surroundings of a person. For instance, how parents or support groups promote proficient moral values, discipline, enforce the sense of identity and so on. Moreover, inner containment are those invisible stuffs which internalized our self-control that link to how the goals/ abilities of a person against to commit crime.David Matza Travis HirschiMatzas Delinquency and Drift (1964) and Hirschis Cau ses of Delinquency (1969) also advoacted two famous concepts in the later development of control theories. Alternatively, Matza has been already protraried the image of drifter. Emphasizing how social conditions shape people become a drifter. (However, he did not mention about what kinds of constraints and control that keep youngsters from drifting.) In Hirschis theory, he proposed foursome main social bonds that could determine ones involvement in delinquency, namely attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. Attachment contains the interpersoanl and emotional bonds among others, especially parents and teachers. payload refers to how youths make use of the time, energy, effort expended in traditional path of success, such as saving funds for the future and abtaining a high academic qualification. Involvement means the degree of ones involvement in those received activities, such as school, recreation, and family. Due to society will share common moral values normally, the refore, beliefs of a person are very important. People might more easily commit criminal act if these moral values are absent or weakened. In short, Hirschis social bond theory emphasized all people are potential criminals, however, people will conform the norm or obey the law because they do not want to destroy the bondings with others.CriticismsThere are few criticisms on social control theory. First, according to the assumption of it, social control theorists assumed human are potential law-violators. What if the youths commit crime just because they are fun? Another issuse is that such theories cannot be explained the causes of gang delinquency and magnanimous criminality. Furthermore, most studies were referring the involvement of trivial offenses of nondelinquent youths. Hirschi also confessed that delinquents actually active in conventional events, which rejected his victor theory (Vold Bernard, 1986).Social Learning perspectivesEdwin SutherlandDifferential Association The ory was the most direct and clear theory that proposed by Edwin Sutherland in 1947 from social learning perspectives. In 1978, Sutherland and Cressey consisted nine propositions of Differential Association Theory1. immoral behaviour is learned2. Criminla behaviour is learned in interaction with other persons in a put to work3. The principal part of the learning of criminal behaviour occurs within intimate personal groups4. When criminal behaviour is learned, the learning includes techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very complicated, sometimes very simple the detail direction of the motives, drives, rationlization, and attitudes5. The specific directions of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as well-off or unfavourable6. The person becomes delinquent because of an excess of favourable definitions to violation of law over unfavourable definitions to law-violation7. Differential association may vary in frequency, duration, priorit y, and intensity.8. affect of learning criminal behaviour by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms involved in any other learning9. While criminal act is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values (Sutherland Cressey, 1978, pp.80-82.)Here will be discussed each propositions respectively. First, it is clearly stated that criminal act is not inborn which is learned. Then, Sutherland provided how people learned to become delinquent which is learned in interaction with others, especially family, friends, and colleagues. Also, techniques of commiting crime are needed which are sometimes quite complicated/simple such as how to unlock a safe or fall away a car on the street. deterrent example justifications also crucial that make people think their acts are reasonable. For example, a poor person steal foods in supermarket because they do not have money to buy enough foods to their sons. Therefore, they will justify they act as make sense. Fifth, it refers to the views of legal codes from an individiuals. The person may not want to obey the law because such laws are just controlling him/her, and killing his/her free will. The favourable definitions of law violation and the unfavourable definitions of law violation are two sides on the balance that lead a person commit crime if the favourable definitions of law violation is excess. Moreover, how often are criminal contacts made, how long do the contacts last, and how significant to the individual are the criminal contacts are always being considered. Sutherland (1978) also though that there will be greater the chance to commit crime if people have been contacted criminals since early childhood. Role modeling or direct teaching is another way to learn the criminal acts. In chinese words, that means one who mixes with vermilion will turn red, one who touches pitch shall be defiled therewith which implies good companion s have good influence while bad ones have bad influence. Law-violation behaviours cannot be explained by fulfilling those general needs becauses those criminal acts are illogical. In brief, he emphasized the the significance of personal contact, and all individuals are hold faster.CriticismsThere will be discussed a few main critiques of this theory. Differential association theory neglected that why some youths seems exposed to delinquent definitions, but finally they choose to stop the delinquent acts. Another study criticism is the problem of the principle differential association, which assumes criminal behaviours to be rational and systematics. However, this theory is very breathed to illustrate the acts of those psychopathic killing or serial rapists (Sigel, 2009). Also, delinquents might seek like-minded peers rather than follow others which drafted another relationship between deviant peers and criminality.

The Pros And Cons Of Desalination

The Pros And Cons Of desalinizationDesalination is a technical solution that whatsoever believe would provide ample supplies of additional water resources. Discuss the pros and cons to this technological solution and whether or non you support it.Less than 3% of the earths natural water is viable for human exercising and consumption. This brings light to the admit for a solution to the quickly depleting resource in the rapid growth of population, industry, and increase overall practice of water. What is desalination? Put simply, desalination is the conversion of brine and or brackish water into consumable quality water. To elaborate, this process preserve be done through a few different methods depending on the location and need for quality, the main process being distillation and rustle osmosis (preferred method). Of the more than(prenominal) than 7,500 desalination embeds in operation worldwide, 60% argon determined in the Middle East. The worlds largest jell is in S audi Arabia. In contrast, 12% of the worlds desalination capacity is in the Americas, with nearly of the plants located in the Caribbean and Florida. To date, there ar currently 23 proposed desalination plants on the coast of California. With these facts in mind it is the responsibility of human kind to weigh the benefits and the consequences of this somewhat misleadingly simple solution.Pros There is no doubt that an answer to the on departure reciprocation of the potential exhaustion of water is indeed over referable. With that in mind, facts supporting the function of desalination as a good alternative remains to be seen. One factor supporting the use of desalination is that desalination fecal matter provide a backup water source and a quitial(p) solution to a growing problem. date some believe that the use of desalination plants cease provide an infinite generate of water and demand it possible to put an end to the depleting resource, in reality, as thought process listic as this illusion whitethorn be, it is distant from true. An different(a) favorable point includes the idea that desalination put forward remove drug contaminated water and other substances such as arsenic and fluoride which is an ongoing issue in places such as Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. It should be noted however, that the use of desalination is not currently present in either place, and the likelihood of implementing a plant, anytime in the near future, is most likely unattainable due to topographical and stinting limitations. Another supporting idea proposes that desalination whitethorn reduce the need to take additional water from the environment and, in some cases, offers the opportunity to return water to the environment. In some areas it is proposed that desalination facilities may serve reduce the dependency of topical anaesthetic water agencies on climate exquisite sources of supply. Furthermore, desalination is currently an efficient and rock-steady water source in use among military operations world wide including naval ships. It is overly used on some cruise ships as a reliable source of potable water.Cons Desalination is costly not only ecologically but economically. Desalination costs are subjective due to some factors, which include location and methodology, making comparisons complex and appraisals vague. For example, Tampa Bay Floridas desalination plant ended up $48 million dollars over its original estimate and is still not in full working capacity due primarily to poor planning. Previous desalination plants present cost in upwards of an estimated $100-$150 million dollar range, just to start the facility, this does not include what it costs to run after it is already built. Although Costs thrust come down over the past decade, as technology has pass more efficient, desalination still perpetuates a cost of approximately $500-$2,000 per acre buttocks of water (325,000 gallons), compared with approximately $250 per acr e foot for water in urban Los Angeles, and $10 per acre foot paid to the federal government by farmers in the sierra foothills, according to Haddad, the author of Rivers of Gold Designing Markets to Allocate Water in California (Washington, D.C. Island Press, 2000). Furthermore, the assumption that desalination costs leave alone stretch to riposte may be false, in fact future costs may actually increase. Another negative factor is that more energy is indispensable to produce water from desalination than from any other water-supply or demand-management election in California, this in turn brings to light the tint of further dependence on fossil fuels. Conversely, it should be noted that the use of fossil fuels can and has been reduced in many facilities by using solar, wind and stray energy to power the facility.According to an executive summary by the peace-loving institute desalination can produce high-quality water however it may also introduce biological or chemical conta minants into our water supply this go away weigh heavily on the design and location of the plant and should be monitored heavily by local government agencies to ensure consumer safety. Desalination produces highly concentrated salt brines that may also contain other chemical pollutants. More specifically, seawater contains approximately 35,000 parts per million of salt. During the contain osmosis, water molecules are strained through membranes while the salt particles are retained by the membrane and result in a bend stream nearly twice as salty (70,000 ppm) as seawater. galosh disposal of this effluent presents a significant challenge. Additionally and perhaps of the most devastating of the negative aspects to this process is the Impingement and entrainment of marine organisms. This is among the most significant of the environmental threats associated with seawater desalination. Impingement occurs when marine organisms are trapped against brainchild screens by the velocity a nd force of water flowing through them. The fatal outcome of impinged organisms varies between intake designs as well as marine life species, age, and water conditions. Some resilient species may survive usurpation and be returned to sea however the 24-hour survival rate of less well and/or juvenile fish is potentially less than 15%. Entrainment happens when littler organisms pass through an intake screen to the processing equipment. Organisms entrained into processing equipment are projected to have a mortality rate of 100%. The account of affected organisms will, of course, vary with the volume and velocity of feed-water as well as the mitigation measures developed to minimize bushel. Lastly, the use of desalination is a concern because with its implementation and commercialization, the general exoteric could potentially begin a more relaxed view of water use than they already do. Meaning, if people think that we have manufactured a solution to the need for conservation ther e will not be a need to be water use conscious e.g. the more we have the more we spend. This can lead to higher(prenominal) costs to the environment, more unnecessary development and less environmental consciousness.While desalination is what some have considered the holy grail of water scarcity issues, the reality seems quite the contrary. One of the most difficult factors being set about in light of desalination seems to be the idea that desalination has not been in use long enough to perpetuate actual try out of overall environmental impacts. With that in mind, an environmental analysis conducted under CEQA (California environmental Quality Act) and NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act) should consider the assessment of accumulative impacts not only of the proposed project but future projects (and subsisting facilities) in the area. These impacts would include the cumulative entrainment/impingement impacts, cumulative energy consumption, cumulative growth-related impacts, and cumulative sewer water urban runoff impacts. These factors are especially important in areas where pre-existing air quality, water quality and ecosystem health are already compromised. More specifically, developed areas where water use is higher and environmental impacts are considered / monitored, have the potential of being the proverbial guinea pig when it comes to examination the idea at max capacity. This information should also be part of heavy public education to ensure a full public understanding of its costs and benefits as part of most growing problems in the world come with the lack of education and understanding. Furthermore, there is little manifest that desal plants are any more or any less of an impact than other alternatives, not because they are incapable of causing issues but more because the potential issues have not been fully investigated. Primarily the concern is that the mechanical press issue and urgency may prematurely cause major environmental impac ts (especially long term) to be overlooked or dismissed as something we can conquer at the time it becomes an issue. This vary idea is precisely the occasion why most, if not all, environmental catastrophes currently exist. Question is, when is the woops factor going to cause all parties involved to finally get a soupcon?In closing, the benefits and consequences of desalination are vast and seem to be vaguely understood. While on some levels desalination should be considered as a supplemental potable water source, many other alternatives which are far less costly economically and environmentally do exist. These alternatives include treating low-quality local water sources, encouraging regional water transfers, improving conservation and efficiency, accelerating wastewater recycling and reuse, implementing smart land-use planning and fixing leaks in already existing distribution pipes and plants. Furthermore a tax deductible option to seat owners encouraging water wise appliances and repair allowances should be considered as an boost to fix what we already have. For example it is estimated that US Homes Leak 1 one million million Gallons of Water Annually, which is said to be enough water to supply the inherent state of Colorado for three years Is desalination the answer? To me, it seems a desperate attempt to band-aid a far larger and blaringly obvious issue. If we continue to use and waste, as a human species, regardless of the solutions we find, our existence will inevitably be self limiting.

Effective business communication

Effective business conferenceIntroductionAlthough in that location is no universal rendering of remove, it has been explained in the terms of guises, transformation, metamorphosis, evolution, regeneration (Hughes 2006). Any alternations in the lot, structure, or technology of an administration. It is constant yet it varies in degree and directions. It creates threats and opportunities for faces. agitate in the organisation take place for m any(prenominal) reasons. It is some date by in order to have new ways of doing work or organizing work. Noteworthy replaces in the organization occur such(prenominal) as when organization wishes to agitate its strategy on the social unit for success, the organization want to careen the nature of its operations. The forces of change come through change in organisational strategy, work force, new equipment, employee attitudes, marketplace, government laws, technology, labour market and economical situations.stairs involved in changeAn or ganisations refinement groundwork be affect by a number of reasons which has been as underThe environs in which the organisation operates.The beliefs, values and norms of the employees inside the organization, spoticularly those communicated by blossom solicitude.The organisations size, history, self-control and technology in any case results in change deep down the organisation.Other f beors includes change over unions, media and lifestyle of the peopleUnFreezingThis is the first rate that involves disturbing the equilibrium read of the prevailing status quo. This fucking be done by load-bearing(a) the individuals that they should adopt new behaviours and discard the old one (Burnes 2004).Moving gibe to an article published in the journal by (Burnes 2004), the step or block aims at shifting the behaviours of the individuals as well as the departments where the change is vatic to take place. The moving step aims to develop new behaviours and attitudes of the individu als.RefreezingThis step called refreezing the change intended becomes permanent. The new way of organization is established tally to (Burnes 2004) through new attitudes and behaviours.While considering the sign of changes steps involved in the change is mention be introducetimeThe start of change transition involves translating the occupy of change into a desire of change. The change whitethorn start with the globe announcement or it may be less explicit, except in some point it typically involves a review or project. A manager should diagnosis present state identify preferred afterlife state for a better conversation .The reviewing of present state supporter to identify the future challenges.Need/reasons for changeIn order to make it and prosper in competitive and ever-changing environment, organisations in addition need to change. This may be brought about many influencing factors which may be internally inwardly the organisation or in external environmental. Interna l forces for change line up from internal activities and decisions. If top managers select a goal of rapid order growth, internal actions pull up stakes have to be made to go that growth. raw department and technologies will be created so organisation will change according to that.What is Communication?Communication is the process of transfer of information. Communication manner ways of sharing ideas, news, views, methods and techniques. Communication must involve two parties .It is decisive part of almost every job. All companies and organisations demand it.Internal converse systemThe parley which takes place deep down the boundaries of the organisation is known as internal communion. (R Blundel k Ippolito 2007). Effective dialogue is an natural part of smoothly running business organisation. Communication involves the transmission of information from a man-made lake (or a number of sources) to murderers. The information is communicated in the form of a message(The t imes100 2009 1). For instance a customer may request a new part from a supplier, with information on how to use that part in a piece of equipment. The supplier will then communicate with the customer scenery out instructions for victimisation the part, as well as direct a delivery note, invoice, and further sales literature. Increasingly these interaction will be carried out by electronic media such as through a sales website, e- stake conferences and former(a) means. Communication at heart the organizations is dynamic, two way(transactional) process can be broken into six phasesThe vector has an idea and want to sh ar it.When leadter put the idea in the form of message it means sender encodes it so that receiver can understand easily.Then sender transmits the message through a befitting communion channel(spoken or written) and a medium(telephone, letters, e-mail, report or face to face).For communication to occur, the must first get the message. After the transmission of message from the sender receiver gets the message which involves the understanding of message by receiver.Then the receiver decodes the message. The decoded message must be stored in the receivers mind.The receiver sends feedback after decipherment the message from the sender, the receiver may respond the some way and augur that to sender. This internal communication process can be shown with the help of the plotAs the above fig shows that the communication process is repeated until some(prenominal) parties finish expressing themselves. Moreover effective internal communication try not to cram too much information into one message.The authorisation of communications depends onhttp//www.thetimes100.co.uk/theory/theoryworking-together-business-communications388.phpThe clarity of the message.The quality of the medium used to transmit the message. The medium is the means of communicating e.g e-mail, telephone, letter, etc.Any distracting noise that go on the message from effecti vely getting through. For example, if the recipient receives lots of email messages, they may fail to give tight-laced attention to the senders message.The ability of the receiver to decode the message. For example, they may not be able to understand the instructions given.Supports of communication vocal communicationIt is the spoken, oral, and unwritten way of communicating( personalized growth 2009 1).Non verbal communicationTransmission of messages by a medium other than speech or writing(Business dictionary 2009 2).There are so many supports that can be interpreted for effective internal communication which mainly includeElectronic mailThis has rapidly become the most common form of written communication within the organization. It is the most easy and quick way of communication within the organization.Company websitesA companys website will typically involve a portal vein or a section dedicated to internal communication with and amid employees.Company databasesIn most of the striking organisations including banks uniform Barclays employees will be able to access a number of company databases to communicate internally. contactMeetings is the also the most effective support to communicate effectively within the organizations. It can be formal or informal. In manufacturing companies desire toyata teams of employees regurlarly meet to discuss issues equivalent quality.Phone communicationPhone communications are another important form of oral communication with most large companies having a lowcost internal telephone system.Internal memos, Voice mail, instant messaging, Faxinghttp//www.about-personal-growth.com/verbal-communication.htmlhttp//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/non-verbal-communication.htmlAn internal memo can be send by email to communicate with the employees within the organisation. Staff magazine, reports, notices and posters on lag boards provide other means of internal communication. Voice mails, instant messaging and faxing are also be used as supports for communicationImpact of change on communicationThe change plays a vital role on the communication process. Communication calls change and change calls challenges manage competition, globalization and technology. During the change process if communication goes defective it can create huge impact on the organizations future. The impact of change can be positive or negative. diversity can be of any type for example organization changing its policies or organization introduces new technology within the organization .There should be a appropriate communication as a result of any kind of change through a proper channel and support. In times of change, employee communication is vital to successful organizations. Let suppose if an organization want to change their technology then they should communicate and inform their employees so that they understand the change and adopt that change by the help of proper communication. Wrong communication like solider died in afghan calling wrong name, in place of doing right hand side operation doing leftover hand side can results in serious problems.Handle of communication at to each one aimCommunication among the employees of the organization is a essential for effective function. Organizational decisions are usually made at top and flow down to the people who carry them out. From top to bottom each person should understand, apply and pass it. For each and every level of organizational change top managers, middle managers and first line managers should co-ordinate whole work efficiently and effectively with the other employees. Top management should act as planner, leader, communicator and organizer. The lower level employees can help top level management by giving accurate, timely reports on problems, emerging trends, opportunities for utility and performance. The formal communication network within the organization is shown below breastwork or obstruction in the stage setting of changeNo librate how good the communication system in an organisation is, unfortunately barriers or obstacles can and do often occur. This may be caused by a number of factors which can usually be summarised as being delinquent to physical barriers, system design faults or additional barriers.Language parapetDifferent languages, vocabulary, accent represents regional barriers. Words having similar pronunciation but multiple meanings. The use of difficult words poorly explained or misconceive messages can result as a communication obstacle(E z articles 2009 1).ethnical BarrierAge, education, gender, social status, economic position, cultural background, religion, political belief, ethics, values, preconditions, aspirations, rules or regulations, standards, priorities can separate one person from another and create a communication obstacle.Individual BarrierIt may be a result of an individuals perceptual and personal discomfort. Even when two persons have experienced the same resolution their mental perception may/may not be same which acts as a barrier. Style, selective perception, halo effect, poor attention and reason mindedness, insufficient filtration are the Individual or Psychological barrier.Organizational BarrierIt includes Poor Organizations culture, clime, regulations, status, relationship, complexity, inadequate facilities, opportunities of growth and improvement. whereas, the nature of the internal and external environment like large working areas physically separated from others, poor lightening, staff shortage, outdated equipments and background noise are Physical Organizational Barrier.interpersonal BarrierBarriers from Employers includes need of Trust in employees, lack of Knowledge of non-verbal clues like facial expression, body language, gestures, postures, eye contact different experiences, shortage of time for employees, no consideration for employee needs, wish to capture authority. While Barriers from Employees includes Lack of Motivatio n, lack of co-operation, trust, fear of penalty and poor relationship with the employer (Know 2009 2).Channel BarrierIf the duration of the communication is long, or the medium selected is inappropriate, the communication might break up it can also be a result of the inter-personal conflicts between 1-http//ezinearticles.com/?The-Barriers-to-Effective-Communicationid=121001 2-http//www.knowthis.com/principles-of-marketing-tutorials/promotion-decisions/obstacles-to-effective-communication/the sender and receiver lack of interest to communicate information sharing or access problems which can hamper the channel and affect the clarity, accuracy and effectiveness of communication.Dealing with an external teamWhen we communicate with the people of our own culture we can communicate effectively. But if we are working in an transnational organization we have to communicate with the employees from different background and nationalities so there will be lots of challegenes that can be met while communicating with the international team which are mentioned belowCultural ChallengesCulture powerfully affects communication and a big challenge while dealing with the international team. For example when we want to communicate we encode message using the assumption of our own culture while the receiver will decodes the message using assumptions of his/her own culture so meaning may be misunderstood. The greater the difference in culture greater is the chance of misunderstanding. The other type of cultural differences areContextual differencesFrom culture to culture people induce contextual meaning differently. In high context culture people such as south Korea Taiwan rely on to a greater extent on the non verbal actions and environmental setting to convey their message. In low context culture people like united states and Germany rely more on verbal communication. Contextual differences affect the way cultures approach situations such as decisions making, problem solving and negotiating.Legal and estimable differencesLegal and ethical behaviour is also influenced by cultural context. For example, people from the low context culture value the written word, they consider written agreements and tend to obligate to laws strictly. But the high context people less emphasis on the written words.Social differencesIn any culture rules may be formal or informal. Formal rules are specifically taught dos and donts of how to make in a common social situations. Informal rules deals with how males and females are supposed to behave. In some countries like india, Pakistan and Bangladesh women are not taken gravely as business people. But in the western countries women treated as in business places. Culture also tell how people show appraise and signify rank. For example in united states people respect top managers as Mr Bush or Mr Andrew but in countries like china show respect by using official call like President or servers.Non verbal differencesNon verba l difference is also another type of cultural challenge while dealing with the international team. People in Canada and united state usually take basketball team feet gap during business conversation as compared to the people in countries like Arab, Germany and Japan feel uncomfortable while keeping this distance.RecommendationsManagers act like a pillars for any organization. As mention above that the change in any organization can create threats and opportunities for the organization. Managers should plan a proper strategy of communication in the context of change. The strategy should includeConsidering the seeming effects of change and and planning for it well in advance.Adapting a flexible, popular management style even though this may be within a formal organisational structure, in order to create a climate where change is easier to achieve.Motivate employees by understanding nature and perception.Tell their employees reasons and the benefits of change after the change proces s.Recognization of cultural variation in communication style.Manage disputes at each level.Manage problems of each employee like stress, depression, relationship, personal issues and differences. separate clearer gaols and targets so That every ones knows what is to achieve and time scale involved.Training and train and new work.Monitor and review approach to regularly access progress towards goals and identify and overcome any difficulties.Manager should act like a communicator, planner, leader, motivator and controller.BibliographyAdler, R.B (2006) Communicating at Work, (8th translation) McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/LanguagesHughes M(2006) Change management A critical perspective. Chartered institute of personal and development. ISBN 1-84398-070-3ReferencesBernard Burnes Managing change fourth Edition prentice hallBurnes, B. (2004). Kurt Lewins and the Planned Approach to Change A Re-appraisal. Journal of guidance Studies. Vol.41, No.6Higgs, M. Rowland, D. (2005). Exploring Approaches to Change and its Leadership. Journal of Change Management. Vol.5, No.2.John V Thill and Courtland Bovee (2002). Excellence in Business communication 8th Edition Pearson supranational Edition. John Hayes (2006). The theory and practise of change Management. 6th Edition London Prentice Hall p233.Richard R L Daft (2005) Management 6th edition.R Blundel K Ippolito (2007) Effective business communication second Edition Prentice Hall p13.Barriers to communication(2008). procurable http//ezinearticles.com/?The-Barriers-to-Effective-Communicationid=121001. Last accessed 14 Dec. (2008).Non Verbal Communication(2009).Available businessdictionary.com. Last accessed 11 Dec.Obstacles to business communication (2009).Availablehttp//www.knowthis.com/principles-of-marketing-tutorials/promotion-decisions/obstacles-to-effective-communication/. Last accessed 12 Dec.Personal growth(2006).Available http//www.about-personal-growth.com/verbal communication.html. Last accessed 10 De c.Working Together To Business Communication(2008).. Available http//www.thetimes100.co.uk/theory/theoryworking-together-business-communications388.php. Last accessed 11 Dec.

Successful Marketing Strategy of Colgate

Successful merchandise Strategy of ColgateTo develop a selling strategy is a critical for any business because it is a procedure in which an geological formation slim its limited resource on the opportunities to increase sales and get the trump from it as an advantage . For that unmatch satisfactory needs to keep in opinion that only a guests satisfaction should be a main stopping point for ones. market strategy should be centered somewhat the key imagination that client satisfaction is the main goal. In separately and every organization whether it is unrestricted or private organization, should be able to consider about strategical tradeing approach so as to be ensured war same position in the market move into place. One of the most merchandising aspects of trade is marketing strategies nowadays because marketing strategy is the term which is generally preferable to packagings. selling Strategy is a vital contributor to the satisfaction of the customer need s and wants. (Shimp, 2003) selling strategy approach is a expressive style to take into custody a niche in the consumer marketThe marketing strategy is a mix consists of five major modules of converse kindred advertising, sales promotion, public relations and publicity, personal selling, and direct marketing (Neumann Sumser 2002). An identified Sponsor buckle underAdvertising form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services. Sales promotion is a variety of short-term incentives to encourage trial or proscribeter for of a harvest-time or service. Public relations and publicity is a variety of programs designed to promote or protect a companys bod or its individual increases. in the flesh(predicate) selling is a wait-to-face fundamental interaction with one or more than prospective purchasers for the purpose of making presentations, answer questions, and procuring orders. Direct marketing is the use of mail, telephone, fax, e-mail, or Intern et to communicate straight with or solicit a direct response from specific customers and prospects (Goldberg Mc Calley, 1992).IntroductionColgate was found in the United States 200 years ago. For the one- half(a) of the years its business was focused only the. It is marketing its crops in more than 200 countries and territories under some outside(a)ly recognized brand names as Colgate, Ajax, Palmolive, Softgrievous bodily harm, Some Hills Science diet products. Colgate Palmolive is leading product consumer product company focused on Oral shell out, Household c ar, Personal c be and galore(postnominal) more. now Colgate-Palmolive is $9 billion company.Colgate is illustrious for having a ache history of strong relationship with its retail trade partners. This Company delights consumers around there world with a an array of Oral C atomic number 18, stead Care, Personal Care, and Pet Nutrition products. Small stores around the world are honorable important to Colgate as la rge ones. Behind the success of Colgates brands are guardedly developed business and marketing strategies. Based on consumer and shopper insights, the Company kit and boodle closely with local merchandisers and shop owners to offer a relevant categorisation of products and merchandising services to get high visibility in each store...Overview-1806Colgate was originated with a small business of starch, Soap and burn downdles form Dutch street, modern York by William Colgate.1817The first Colgate advertisement was appeared in US newspaper.1820Colgate establishes a starch factory in newfangled Jersey.1866-1873Colgate introduced perfumed soap and toothpaste in jars.1896Colgate introduced toothpaste in collapsible tube.1900In the world fair of Paris, Colgate won top honors for its products like soaps and perfumes.1902Stylish Palmolive Advertisement begins. emphasizing ingredient purity and product benefits.1906Colgate Company celebrates its 100thanniversary. Product line includes over 800 antithetic products.1908Colgate is incorporated by the five sons of Samuel Colgate.1911Colgate distributes two million tubes of toothpaste and toothbrushes to schools, and appends hygienists to demonstrate tooth brushing.1912William Mennen introduces the first Ameri earth-closet shaving scan tube1914Colgate established its first international subsidiary in Canada1920Colgate establishes in Europe, Asia, Latin America, Africa.1928Colgate merge with Palmolive -Peet and became Colgate- Palmolive- Peet Company.1930On March 13, Colgate is first listed on the New York Stock Exchange1939Dr. Mark L. Morris develops a pet food to servicing save a guide dog named Buddy from kidney.1947Ajax cleanser is flinged, establishing mightily now-global brand equity for cleaning products.1953Colgate -Palmolive company becomes an official name for the company.1956Colgate opens query center in Piscataway, NJ. Fabric conditioner is launched in France as Soupline. now, fabric conditioners ar e sold in over 54 countries around the world.1966Palmolive dishwashing bland is introduced and immediately it is sold in over 35 countries.1968Colgate toothpaste adds MFP Fluoride, clinically proven to reduce cavities.1970Irish Spring launches in Ger umteen as Irische Frhling and in Europe as Nordic Spring. In1972, Irish Spring is introduced in northeastern America.1972Colgate acquires Hoyt Laboratories, which later becomes Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals.1975Camonetary value sensory hairsbreadth care launches in Mexico. Today, hair care products are sold in over 70 countries, with variants to check every type of hair need.1976Colgate-Palmolive acquires Hills Pet Nutrition. Today Hills is the global drawing card in pet nutrition and veterinary recommendations.1983Colgate Plus toothbrush is introduced. Today over 1.6 billion Colgate toothbrushes are sold annually worldwide. If you lined them up end to end, they would circle the globe 16 times.1985Protex bar soap is introduced, and today offers all-family antibacterial protection in over 56 countries. Colgate-Palmolive enters into a conjunction venture with Hong Kong-based Hawley Hazel, a leading oral care company, which adds strength in key Asian markets.1986The Chairmans You Can Make A Difference political platform is launched, recognizing innovation and exceptional excellence by Colgate people.1987Colgate acquires Soft-soap liquid soap business from the Minnetonka Corporation. Today, Colgate is the global leader in liquid handsoap.1989 yearbook company sale surpassed the $ 5 million mark.2006Colgate purchased Toms of maine and entered fast maturement naturals segment.TodayColgate with sales Surpasses $ 15 million, focuses on all Oral Care, Personal Care, Home Care, Pet Nutrition.Situational Analysis (SWOT )Situation AnalysisInternal Analysis external AnalysisStrengthsWeaknessesThreatsOpportunitiesSWOT Analysis is a simple framework for generating strategic alternatives from a situational analysis. The Swot analysis classifies the internal aspects of the company as strengths or weaknesses and the external situational factors as opportunities and threats. Strength can serve as a foundation for building a competitive advantage and weaknesses may resist it.SWOT Analysis of Colgate -Palmolive-Strengths-Brand image is very strong capital flow-to-sales is freeIn America market share is approximately half of 100%, It is going very strong in Asia and Europe.Weaknesses-All Products are recalledIt is highly leveragesVery low innovation or a associateOpportunitiesTo grow globally oral hygiene marketIncreasing Spanish people in the USTo grow in India, Asian market by tapping personal care.ThreatsThe label growth is privateCommodity charges are increasing.A large number of competitors are increasing.Differential advantage / emulous edge (USP)Strategy USP (Unique Selling Proposition) developed by Rosser Reeves, the advertising core of New York, Madison Avenue.One of the companies being reg arded and honored as one of the global producer of motley products especially for personal hygiene is the Colgate-PalmoliveWith a view to promoting their oral products to their target market, the company has been able to use various marketing strategies approaches. In line with above the line promotions, the company uses television, radio receiver and newspaper advertisements and many more. In addition, the company also promotes their products in famous magazines and internet banner ads as well.It can also be state that Colgate-Palmolive also uses via-the-line promotion approach. This is done by considering a via the line communication approach. The company does this by hiring an advertising agency which helps them to contain a break in advertising campaign for their products.It can be said that or In a general sense, advertising is being utilized to be able to impart to the consumers the availability of a particular product or service.Colgate-Palmolive move a multipronged mark eting strategy to support the introduction of Irish Springs reformulated bar and liquid soap. In order to introduce a wide auditory sense to its new image and latest product offerings, Colgate-Palmolive aired television commercials for two products and ran print ads in a variety of magazines. Furthermore, the company especially saturated on free-standing inserts and product sampling to convince consumers to try the updated Irish Spring. Coupons were an intrinsic aspect of the relaunch of Irish Spring bar soap. In order to make these coupon ads eye-catching, the company included a four-leaf clover shape that could be scratched off-like a lottery ticket-to reveal a savings sum total relevant to the product.Appelbaum, Cara, Colgate Tests Its First Deodorant, Irish Spring,Brandweek,April 1, 1991.Segmentation Targeting and Positioning (STP)1) Market Segmentation The do work in which the market is divided distinct sub ranges of consumers with common needs and selecting many differe nt segments to target with a distinct marketing strategyLevels of market segmentation 1. Mass selling provides the same product to all consumers like Salt. 2. Segment marketing provides different products to many segments. 3. Niche Marketing provides many unique different products but to sub segments 4. Micro-Marketing it provides product for individual choices.For example, the are different types of shampoo , Colgate is manufacturing including for flat hair , shampoo and conditioner,, dry hair , color treated hair, etc. It shows us that they are implementing segmented marketing concept.2) Market Targeting-It is a group of customers that the businesshas decided to aim its marketingefforts and ultimately its merchandise.Geographic- It depends on region, population, factor, urban conditions etc. On this tush for example, Colgate introduces a sun screen ingredients which protect from sun rays.Demographic- It stand for age, gender, income , life cycle of family and education. For e xample young people do not go for hair color treatment.Psychographic- it depends on persons thinking and what are the spirit characteristic of him. It is a difficult marketing segmentation to implement because sometimes market may not aware of there life dash of there people.Behavioral- It consists two things a) The benefits desired from the product. b)The rate at which customer is using product.It can be applied on Colgate, the benefits from there toothpaste product are no plaque, no cavities, fresh breath, very low price , good quality and white teeth.3) Market Positioning-It means the work at by which vendors try to create an image or identity in the minds of their target market for itsproduct,brand, or organization.The Colgate people stick tried to entertain themselves through tough competition and hard work. Media and advertisement are also responsible to create an image of the Company in the eyes of its customers and competitors.Marketing Objectives and Goals- talented Ob jectives-The purposes of SMART objectives includeTo enable a company to directits marketing plan.To help to motivate individuals and teams to reach a common goal.To provide an agreed, consistent focus for all functions of an organization.A simple acronym used to set objectives is calledSMART objectives.SMART stands forSMART Goals-As far as the strategic plan is concerned, the shold be a twain kinds of goals like short-term and enormous term goals. Detailed production, financial and marketing plans usually back these two types of goals.Figure 1.Elements of a strategic plan Short-term goalsFigure 2.SMART characteristic of effective goals and their work4 Ps of Marketing4-P of Marketing(Borden, 1953) is the fundamental base in the Marketing studies. It can be compared to the Einsteins scheme of relativity in Quantum Mechanics. 4 P of marketing is often called as Marketing Mix, because it has the right marketing recipe to successfully launch a product. 4 P of marketing stands forProd uctProduct is any touchable object or any service (intangible) that is manufactured or created to fulfill the consumer needs. It has to have the product variation and the differentiation for different markets. Also the products essential be reviewed time to time for its obsolesce and must be get rid of with the view of market needs known as product elimination. Similarly, with growing market needs and evolving consumer tastes, companies must innovate their products (Kotler Armstrong, 2010).Price Price is the amount of money that is paid by the customer to seller which varies on different distribution channel (Kotler Armstrong, 2010). Several factors have impact while determine the price of the product or service, which are an organizations market share, the number and strategy of the competitors, the raw material bes and most importantly the perception of the product value in the eyes of the customer.There are various price methods used by Organizations currently appeal heal y setCost recovery determine Is the pricing method followed by marketers such that they recover the cost of the product and put a small profit margin on it to finalize the pricing of the product. For example some firm incurred the cost of $100 per product they would like to have a profit of $20, hence the pricing will be $120.Penetration Pricing-Penetration Pricing is the pricing method, in which the price is lightd abruptly so to spread out the market and achieve greater market share. Company with deep pockets when debut a new market often practices this pricing, at times the price may be lower than the cost of the product. The profitability can be achieved later due to monopolistic situation or by home run selling their other products (Kotler, 2003).Price skimmingPrice skimming is the pricing policy adopted by the organization so that they first launch the new product at very high price so that early adopters can buy the product and then they subsequently decrease the pric e to get late bloomers buying the product. This pricing is well(p) mostly by technology firms and is observed with the launch of new products. bug out Place represents the location where a consumer can buy the product. It can be a physical store where the consumer can visit or can be a virtual store like a website on internet .It is often referred as distribution channel as it genuinely is the channel through which the product is received by the consumer (Kotler Armstrong, 2010). A place can be utilized for direct as well as indirect selling. And the place can often take the shape of e-commerce altogether. onward motionPromotion is a communication means adopted by the marketer to communicate about the product, brand or organization to the consumers. Promotion has future(a) four distinct elements. Advertising, personal Selling, Public relations and Sales Promotion, which can be used as such or can be used in combination to promote the product (Pride Ferrell, 1983).ConclusionIn C onclusion, Colgate Company is a typical market oriented company, operating in more than 200 countries. They are providing many new employee oriented programs both for senior level and entry level people. They are aware of their social and ethical responsibilities. They are managing the consumer and business market in an effective manner. They face their competitors and feel proud to take it as a challenge. They feel plume in making their customers happy. They know how to conduct their business in international communities. They maintain levels of the CRM at the company to ensure good customer support. The way they have proved themselves in consumer, business and international markets, they still have a high aim to attain more and more.Bibliography (with references)-Armstrong G, Kotler P (2010), Marketing An Introduction. 10th end New Jersey.Appelbaum, Cara, Colgate Tests Its First Deodorant, Irish Spring,Brandweek,April 1, 1991.Goldberg Mc Calley, 1992Houghton Mifflin,John Wiley. (Kotler, 2003), Kotler P (2003)Kotler Armstrong, 2010Neumann Sumser ,2002Prentice HallPride W M, Ferrell O.C (1983) Marketing elemental Concepts and Decisions. Texas.Shimp, 2003Schultz D E, Tannenbaum S, Lauterborn R (1992) Integrated Marketing Communications. Illinois. NTC Publishinguniversal resource locator=url=http//www.learnmarketing.net/url=http//www.scribd.com/doc/32849771/Marketing-strategies-of-Colgateurl=http//www.scribd.com/doc/30225401/Colgate-Palmolive-Marketing-Projectfullscreenonurl=http//www.solidpapers.com/collegepapers/Marketing/10625.htmurl=http//www.wikiswot.com/SWOT/3_Consumer_Packaged_Goods_(CPGs)/Colgate-Palmolive.htmlurl= http//ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2010/06/marketing-campaign-analysis-of-.html.

Dangers of Dual Relationships in Therapy

Dangers of Dual Relationships in TherapyOften, people who sample the help of a therapist atomic number 18 vulnerable in a chassis of ways, and the unique kin of leaf node and therapist is built on a great deal of imprecate and openness where a number of issues argon exposed. This situation put forward often leave a long-suffering or node feeling more vulnerable than ever before, and impression, anxiety, and opposite mental wellness concerns can easily cloud a clients judgment. Because the client-therapist kin is a relationship of ply, it is more important than ever that therapists do non give into seduction or intimate attraction that may embody for a client, and that sexual relationships with clients and patients not be every(prenominal)owed to develop.Although some studies have been make on the existence of client therapist sexual relationships, it is evident that galore(postnominal) of the results of these surveys are unreliable due to the nature of the situatio n. Even when confidentiality is assured, many therapists are fearful of the repercussions of being exposed and are reluctant to divulge much(prenominal) information. Still, these studies confirm that sexual relationships still often do occur in the midst of therapists and clients, more frequently in male practicians than females. Furthermore, these studies have also revealed that these kinds of relationships can be further detrimental to clients and patients who seek the help of professional therapists. knowledgeable relationships between counselors and clients has existed probably since the beginning of time, being noted as far-off back as the fifth century B.C., when the Hippocratic Oath originated, stating, In every house where I come, I will enter all for the good of my patients, keeping myself far from all intentional ill-doing and all seduction, and in particular from the pleasures of love with women and men.However, recent studies and even court cases have confirmed that this phenomenon continues and in many cases, is further detrimental to the mental health of the clients who enter into these types of relationships. For clients who are dealing with issues related to domestic violence, abuse, rape, or incest, the abuse of trust and power that occurs with sexual client-therapist relationships can increase feelings of trauma and psychological di test, often triggering symptoms of post-traumatic stress dis place. Even in clients who are not dealing with these kinds of issues, increased depression and anxiety can occur, and a patient who has been involved in a sexual relationship with a therapist is often more likely to attempt suicide and further resistant to additional treatment.Also, studies have revealed that sexual relationships between therapists and patients are frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction, feelings of emptiness and isolation, an impaired talent to trust, increased feelings of guilt, confusion regarding boundaries, and sup pression of anger. Although these types of symptoms are not noted in every client who has been involved in a sexual relationship with a therapist, many of these symptoms were seen as common in clients who had engaged in this type of relationship. In short, therapy is the most successful when boundaries and trust of the client are not violated and a professional relationship is maintained, and in well-nigh every jurisdiction, it is the responsibility of the therapist to maintain this professional relationship.In fact, the sub judice consequences for therapists who do enter into a sexual relationship with a client can be severe in many states. In order for therapists and other mental health professionals to maintain their professional licenses, most states not entirely mandate that there be no sexual relationships with clients, except also that there is no sexual relationship with a former(prenominal) client as well. While in some states the requirement is that the client has not been a patient for at least two years, in others the guidelines stipulate at least five years. In addition, the mental health professional may be obligated to prove that the relationship is not exploitative in nature and that the client is fully capable of fashioning their own decisions regarding the relationship.For therapists and mental health professionals who do engage in a sexual relationship with a client, the penalties can be severe. Not only can a therapist lose their professional license for such(prenominal) acts if the relationship is discovered, but they can also be sued for malpractice and violation of trust in many instances. Maintaining a professional relationship at all times is not only in the best interest of the client and their mental well-being, but also in the best interest of the practitioner and their professional reputation.