High Court orders Internet Service Providers to block access to trademarks - Free Essay Example

CARTIER International AG v. British Sky Broad High Court orders Internet Service Providers to block access to trademark infringing websites Challenging Internet Service Providers In October 2014, the High Court ordered an internet service provider (ISP) to block access to websites marketing and selling trademark infringing counterfeit goods, even though there is no direct provision authorizing the court power to make this order.[1] Ultimately, this shows an increase in willingness to grant injunctions against ISPs that provide services which infringe on trademark, and other intellectual property rights (IPRs). Blocking Injunctions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Cartier v. Sky In Cartier International v. British Sky, claimants owned a significant number or British registered trademarks, including Cartier.[2] Claimants sought court orders requiring the ISPs to block access to six websites that infringed on its trademarks by advertising and selling counterfeit goods through à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"target websitesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This decision was highly anticipated as prior to its holding there was no specific provision under United Kingdom (UK) law which affords trademark holders the right to seek and obtain an injunction against an ISP that had actual knowledge of another person using their Services to infringe their rights. Therefore, at issue is whether the Claimant can successfully order ISPs to block access to websites, which allegedly infringe on claimants trademark rights. Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Analysis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Does the Court have jurisdiction to make an order of the kind sought?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Before hearing the merits of the case, Mr. Justice Arnold of the High Court easily identified a jurisdictional base to do so. The court based its reasoning on two other analogous cases, both afforded the Court the jurisdiction to issue website blocking injunction of the kind the Claimant sought.[3] Regardless of the consistent case law precedent, the Court found that jurisdiction is met via s31(1) of the Senior Courts Act 1981. This allowed the court to grant blocking injunctions as the court finds convenient to do so.[4] Thus, the jurisdictional element was met. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Since the Court has jurisdiction, what are the threshold conditions that must be met to issue an order?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Having found a jurisdictional basis to hear the case, the Courts analysis turned to whether the conditions are met to issue a blocking order in this dispute. Mr. Justice Arnold continued the legal analysis by establishing the four criteria to grant an injunction: (i) ISPs must be intermediaries,[5] (ii) either the users and/or the operators of the website must be infringing the claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trademark, (iii) the user and/or operators of the website must use the ISP services to infringe the claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trademark, and (iv) the ISPs must have actual knowledge of this.[6] The last element is where the court struggled most. Ultimately, Mr. Justice Arnold found that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“if ISPs cold be required to block websites without having actual knowledge of infringing that would be tantamount to a general obligation to monitor.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [7] Most basically, here, the court is saying that if ISPs were required to block content without having actual knowl edge of infringement, this would require more of a watch dog function than is necessary, which is inconsistent with Article 15 of the E-Commerce Directive.[8] Furthermore, Mr. Justice Arnold found this requirement to be inconsistent with the Enforcement Directive because it does not provide measures, procedures and remedies necessary to enforce the Trademark IPR. Hence, ISPs are not required to constantly monitor the content of their services for alleged infringement, therefore, what constitutes actual knowledge of infringing content on behalf of the ISPs? In looking to what constitutes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"actual knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in this case, Mr. Justice Arnold interpreted this element in the same manner in which it was interpreted in a previous case, 20C Fox v. BT.[9] In this case the Court found that this requirement does not mean the ISP had actual knowledge of each individual infringement before an injunction can be sought. The ISPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s knowledge that per sons were using its services to infringe a trade mark is sufficient while proof of actual knowledge of a specific infringement is not. Meaning, the definition of actual knowledge here is broad encompassing not knowledge of specific instances of infringement but rather only requiring general knowledge of infringement to satisfy this determinative element. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Are those condition satisfied in the present and what principles are applied in deciding whether to issue the order?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ultimately, Mr. Justice Arnold concluded that all four criteria to grant an injunction were met. Therefore, with those conditions satisfied, Mr. Justice Arnold assessed whether granting the order would be propitiate and just. In deciding this, Mr. Justice Arnold, in particular, looked at certain generally accepted principles, including: that the trademark rights holder had a legitimate interest in preventing infringement, if there is no less intrusive measure available, the trademark owner was not required to show that blocking measures would lead to a reduction in the overall level of infringement of the trademarks, the cost of implementing the order was roughly similar to other intellectual property (IP) disciplines,[10] and the blocking should be targeted so that lawful internet users are not adversely affected. These principles are determinative as to whether a blocking injunction is appropriate in this case. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Should such order be made in the present case?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  In applying those principles, Mr. Justice Arnold found that such an order should be made in the present case. The Court granted the order for a blocking injunction, finding the likely costs burden on the ISPs to implement the blocking injunction was justified and propionate. Lastly, to safeguard against abuse, the court found that these orders must be limited in duration and freely modifiable by the court. Nokia and Philipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s application to other IPRs Looking forward blocking injunctions could serve a wider range of IP rights. Namely, as Mr. Justice Arnold articulated, the Courts jurisdiction derived from s.31 (a) of the Senior Courts Act 1981; therefore, there is no reason why blocking injunctions should not be extended to other IPRs, such as registered designs and passing off. Because the Senior Courts Act encompasses the procedural ability to issue injunctions and is not concerned with which substantive IP laws fall under this equitable remedy ISP blocking injunctions will likely encompass more IP rights in the future. In fact, several weeks after the blocking injunctions were issued here, Claimants found evidence that other websites offered counterfeit goods for sale. Claimants then returned to the court with applications for orders to block those sites, and Mr. Justice Arnold issued those orders. Looking Forward Mr. Justice Arnold found that issuing the blocking orders sought in this case were propitiated and fairly balanced between the applicable principles analysed here. After the conclusion of this case, ISPs in the UK should anticipate being required, at their own cost, to block user access to infringing content. It is unlikely, that the costs and difficulties associated with obtaining enforcement orders for blocking infringing websites will cause a wide spread decrease in counterfeiting. However, this will nonetheless add an invaluable tool to the rights holder arsenal for combating trademark infringement online. Bibliography Table of Cases 20c Fox and others v. British Telecommunications plc [2011] EWHC 1981 (ch), pp. 114-157. Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. Et al. C 11-1846 [2012], and Fourie v. Le Roux Ors Rev 1 [2007] UKHL 1 (24 January 2007). Cartier International AG ORs v. British Sky Broadcasting LTX Ors [2014] EWHC 3354 (CH) (17 October 2014). Table of Legislation Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988, s97, 1988 c. 48. Directive 2000/31/EC [2000] OJ L 178/17, Art 15(1). Directive 2004/48/EC [2013] OJ L195/16, Art. 11 . Senior Courts Act of 1981, s31(1),. Secondary Sources Grace Pead, Mounting blocks: Internet service providers ordered to block 21 infringing copyright infringing music sharing websites. (JIPLP , Feb, 2015), available at: https://jiplp.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/02/23/jiplp.jpv022.full.pdf+html [1] See Grace Pead, Mounting blocks: Internet service providers ordered to block 21 infringing copyright infringing music sharing websites. (JIPLP , Feb, 2015), available at: https://jiplp.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/02/23/jiplp.jpv022.full.pdf+html [2] Cartier International AG ORs v. British Sky Broadcasting LTX Ors [2014] EWHC 3354 (CH) (17 October 2014). [3] See Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. Et al. C 11-1846 [2012], and Fourie v. Le Roux Ors Rev 1 [2007] UKHL 1 (24 January 2007). [4] Senior Courts Act of 1981, s31(1), (stating that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the High Court may be ordered to grant an injunctionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in all cases in which appears to the court to be just so convenient to do soà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ). [5] See Directive 2004/48/EC [2013] OJ L195/16, Art. 11 (To determine if the ISP is an intermediary, the court looked at the third sentence of Article 11 of the Enforcement Directive: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Member States shall also ensure that r ight holders are in a position to apply for an injunction against intermediaries whose services are used by a third party to infringe an IP right, without prejudice to Article 8(3) of the [InfoSoc] Directiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ). [6] Id. at n. 2 [7] See Cartier (Judge stating that the fourth condition is not contained in Article 11, but in my view it follows from Article 15 of the E-Commerce Directive and by analogy with Articles 13 (1) (e) and 14 (1) (a) of the E-Commerce Directive. If ISPs could be required to block websites without having actual knowledge of infringing activity that would be tantamount to a general obligation to monitorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ). [8] Directive 2000/31/EC [2000] OJ L 178/17, Art 15(1), (Directive on Electronic Commerce (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Member States shall not impose a general obligation on providers, when providing the servicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to monitor the information which they transmit or store, not a general obligation actively to seek facts or circu mstances indicating illegal activity.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) [9] See 20c Fox and others v. British Telecommunications plc [2011] EWHC 1981 (ch), pp. 114-157. [10] Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988, s97, 1988 c. 48.

Hypothesis Test for Comparing Two Proportions

In this article we will go through the steps necessary to perform a hypothesis test, or test of significance, for the difference of two population proportions.  This allows us to compare two unknown proportions and infer if they are not equal to each other or if one is greater than another. Hypothesis Test Overview and Background Before we go into the specifics of our hypothesis test, we will look at the framework of hypothesis tests.  In a test of significance we attempt to show that a statement concerning the value of a population  parameter (or sometimes the nature of the population itself) is likely to be true.   We amass evidence for this statement by conducting a statistical sample.  We calculate a statistic from this sample.  The value of this statistic is what we use to determine the truth of the original statement.  This process contains uncertainty, however we are able to quantify this uncertainty The overall process for a hypothesis test is given by the list below: Make sure that the conditions that are necessary for our test are satisfied.Clearly state the null and alternative hypotheses. The alternative hypothesis may involve a one-sided or a two-sided test.  We should also determine the level of significance, which will be denoted by the Greek letter alpha.Calculate the test statistic. The type of statistic that we use depends upon the particular test that we are conducting.  The calculation relies upon our statistical sample.  Calculate the p-value. The test statistic can be translated into a p-value.  A p-value is the probability of chance alone producing the value of our test statistic under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true. The overall rule is that the smaller the p-value, the greater the evidence against the null hypothesis.Draw a conclusion. Finally we use the value of alpha that was already selected as a threshold value.  The decision rule is that If the p-value is less than or equal to alpha, then we reject t he null hypothesis. Otherwise we fail to reject the null hypothesis. Now that we have seen the framework for a hypothesis test, we will see the specifics for a hypothesis test for the difference of two population proportions.   The Conditions A hypothesis test for the difference of two population proportions requires that the following conditions are met:   We have two simple random samples from large populations.  Here large means that the population is at least 20 times larger than the size of the sample. The sample sizes will be denoted by n1 and n2.The individuals in our samples have been chosen independently of one another.  The populations themselves must also be independent.There are at least 10 successes and 10 failures in both of our samples. As long as these conditions have been satisfied, we can continue with our hypothesis test. The Null and Alternative Hypotheses Now we need to consider the hypotheses for our test of significance.  The null hypothesis is our statement of no effect.  In this particular type of hypothesis test our null hypothesis is that there is no difference between the two population proportions.  We can write this as H0: p1 p2. The alternative hypothesis is one of three possibilities, depending upon the specifics of what we are testing for:   Ha:  p1 is greater than p2. This is a one-tailed or one-sided test.Ha: p1 is less than p2. This is also one-sided test.Ha: p1 is not equal to p2. This is a two-tailed or two-sided test. As always, in order to be cautious, we should use the two-sided alternative hypothesis if we do not have a direction in mind before we obtain our sample.  The reason for doing this is that it is harder to reject the null hypothesis with a two-sided test. The three hypotheses can be rewritten by stating how p1 - p2 is related to the value zero.  To be more specific, the null hypothesis would become H0:p1 - p2 0.  The potential alternative hypotheses would be written as: Ha:  p1 - p2   0 is equivalent to the statement p1 is greater than p2.Ha:  p1 - p2  Ã‚  0 is equivalent to the statement p1 is less than p2.Ha:  p1 - p2  Ã‚  Ã¢â€°   0 is equivalent to  the statement p1 is not equal to p2. This equivalent formulation actually shows us a little bit more of what is happening behind the scenes.  What we are doing in this hypothesis test is turning the two parameters p1 and p2  into the single parameter p1 - p2.  We then test this new parameter against the value zero.   The Test Statistic The formula for the test statistic is given in the image above.  Ã‚  An explanation of each of the terms follows: The sample from the first population has size n1.  The number of successes from this sample (which is not directly seen in the formula above) is k1. The sample from the second population has size n2.  The number of successes from this sample is k2.The sample proportions are  p1-hat k1 / n1  and p2-hat   k2 / n2 .We then combine or pool the successes from both of these samples and obtain:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   p-hat ( k1 k2) / ( n1 n2). As always, be careful with order of operations when calculating.  Everything underneath the radical must be calculated before taking  the square root. The P-Value The next step is to calculate the p-value that corresponds to our test statistic. We use a standard normal distribution for our statistic and consult a table of values or use statistical software.   The details of our p-value calculation depend upon the alternative hypothesis we are using: For Ha: p1 - p2   0, we calculate the proportion of the normal distribution that is greater than Z.For Ha: p1 - p2  Ã‚  0, we calculate the proportion of the normal distribution that is less than Z.For Ha: p1 - p2  Ã‚  Ã¢â€°   0, we calculate the proportion of the normal distribution that is greater than |Z|, the absolute value of Z.  After this, to account for the fact that we have a two-tailed test, we double the proportion.   Decision Rule Now we make a decision on whether to reject the null hypothesis (and thereby accept the alternative), or to fail to reject the null hypothesis.  We make this decision by comparing our p-value to the level of significance alpha. If the p-value is less than or equal to alpha, then we reject the null hypothesis. This means that we have a statistically significant result and that we are going to accept the alternative hypothesis.If the p-value is greater than alpha, then we fail to reject the null hypothesis. This does not prove that the null hypothesis is true. Instead it means that we did not obtain convincing enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.   Special Note The confidence interval for the difference of two population proportions does not pool the successes, whereas the hypothesis test does.  The reason for this is that our null hypothesis assumes that p1 - p2 0.  The confidence interval does not assume this.  Some statisticians do not pool the successes for this hypothesis test, and instead use a slightly modified version of the above test statistic.

Essay on Cultures Influences on Art - 1453 Words

Cultures Influences on Art With changes in culture, come changes in art. Throughout history, artworks have been produced as an imitation of the culture and society in which they were created. The cultural frame examines the meaning of artworks in relation to the social perspective of the community from which it grows. A reflection can be seen in Manet’s realist artwork of Olympia, and similarly, Umberto Boccioni’s Unique forms of Continuity and Space reflects different beliefs and conventions merely as a result of societal changes. Pop Art works such a Andy Warhol’s Marilyn x 100 and Post – modern works, such†¦show more content†¦These particular artists chose to focus their interests on worldly, real, raw and pure subjects. They wished to create simple art, painting exactly what they saw and how they saw it. Among these artists was Edouard Manet. Manet was known as a rebel for his time most likely because of his rebellion against Classic and Romantic traditions and his confronting and stirring painting of Olympia. Manet takes Titian’s Venus of Urbino as his model, yet instead of following accepted French art practices of depicting historical, biblical or mythical themes, he paints a woman of his time. The subject is a real female courtesan lying nude on a bed in a provocative position, with one hand covering her genitalia. He paints in his own manner of quick, rough, visible brushstrokes and replaces deep perspective with two flat frames. Olympia was a very confronting artwork to society as although many middle and upper class gentlemen of the time were frequent customers of courtesans and prostitutes, but being confronted by one on a canvas in a gallery was something different. Manet has broken away from traditional practices of art in the 1860s, and created a unique realist artwork depicting a common scene. Dramatic events such as the Industrial Revolution, World Wars, and changes in the social world, influenced new ideas and technology which revolutionized the way artworksShow MoreRelatedEssay about Does Art Influence Culture, or Does Culture Influence Art1011 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Does art shape the mood and dependency of culture, or does culture shape the perspective of art? Art does not only mean the literal paintings, and physical art. Music, poetry, sculpting, and theatre, are also in the category of art, and people like William Shakespeare and Matsuo Basho have definitely left their mark on the past and present’s cultures with their expressions of art. Art and culture are not black and white concepts; there is no way to say that one affects the other absolutely. 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Use the following Case Scenario - 896 Words

What nursing interventions are appropriate for Mrs. J. at the time of her admission? Drug therapy is started for Mrs. J. to control her symptoms. What is the rationale for the administration of each of the following medications? At the start of her admission, Mrs. J is going through many complications throughout most of her systems. I would follow the rules of ABC and control her respiratory problem first. Mrs. J has an oxygen saturation of 82% and is probably going to continue dropping. She will require oxygen first, possibly a nonrebreather mask. The symptoms she is facing is of a person going through acute heart failure which includes shortness of breath, coughing/wheezing, weight gain, swollen ankles, rapid heart rate,†¦show more content†¦Blood pressure is the force of blood pumped by your heart through your arteries. If your blood pressure is high, your heart has to work harder than it should to circulate blood throughout your body. 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Analyzing Whether Or Not Fast Food Industries - 1414 Words

Business Studies issue Word count: 1,200 Mopune Beaton Analysing whether or not fast food industries are the cause of Australia’s rise in obesity levels Table of Contents List of figures 1 Executive summary 2 Introduction 2 Social issues 2 Ethical issues 3 Environmental issues 3 Economic issues 3 Benefits (for) 4 Disadvantages (against) 4 Recommendations/Conclusion 5 Bibliography 6 List of figures FIGURE 1: WEEKLY SPENDING ON TAKEAWAY MEALS FIGURE 2: WITH OR WITHOUT FRIES FIGURE 3: PERCENTAGES OF FOOD BUDGETS FIGURE 4: FAST FOOD VS RESTAURANTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The current issues that I will be covering are whether or not fast food industries are responsible for the rise in obesity in Australia, the current†¦show more content†¦Fast food chains have come under criticism over the concerns ranging from claimed negative health effects and alleged animal cruelty. Fast food consumption in Australia has increased dramatically in the recent years, with an average house hold spending 28% of their food budget on fast food and eating out . Nearly half of the Australian adults and more than a quarter of Australian children are either overweight or obese. There are studies showing that consuming fast food regularly can lead to weight gain, which is no surprise due to their high energy, total fat and saturated fat content, a regular fast food meal provides almost half (47%) of an adults day-to-day energy requirement . SOCIAL IMPACTS Sometimes fast food is an easier option for dinners and lunch because they are busy with work or other things to take time out to make food from home . Being overly obese can cost a lot of money, not just from paying for the fast food, but the health cost that will come from the consumption of it, heart disease, high cholesterol and other disease are the cause of high fat fill boxes of fun . You may think that having just a meal once a week won’t do anything but the consequences can be severe. There is some definite peer pressure from friends and things to buy fast food, it can be seen as ‘the cool’ thing to buy and eat but falling into this loop of

Lorenzo De Medici Italian Art free essay sample

Cultural background, role of Medici patronage in art of Renaissance in Florence, politics, humanism, major artists works. The purpose of this research is to examine Lorenzo de Medici and the arts in Florence during the Italian Renaissance. The plan of the research will be to set forth the historical context in which Florence and the Medici family became relevant to the emergence of Italian Renaissance art, and then to discuss the shape and significance of Medici influence on the phenomenon. In order to appreciate the significance of Lorenzo de Medici for the Renaissance and for the arts of the period, it is first necessary to examine how the concept emerged in Europe, setting the stage for Medici influence. The Renaissance refers to the period, beginning as early as the fourteenth century, when the culture of Western civilization made transition from medievalism to modernism. Kirchner says that it dates from 1350 and was distinguished by a spirit of confidence in mans achievements and . We will write a custom essay sample on Lorenzo De Medici Italian Art or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .

Problem-Based Learning in undergraduate Physics education

Question: Describe about the Implementation of Problem-Based Learning in undergraduate Physics education? Answer: The first article depicts the knowledge utilization for effective learning of the people of UK and US (Wood 2015). The technique is effectively utilized for the medical schools, however, later the technique is useful for each subjects. The Problem-based Learning is an effective way to identify the problem and then the facilitators help them to resolve the problem. In this context, the first objective is aligned along with the effective learning process. The learning process is conducted within smaller groups and the dynamism is maintained with verbal and non-verbal communication in the group. The group learning is useful for forming a better atmosphere to learn the particular course with comfort and simplicity. The PBL sessions are created to make the entire course more attractive and enjoyable to the students. Active or deep learning is more effective according to interaction with the lecturers raising individual doubts (Barrett and Naughton 2014). The experimental learning process is more important with the problem solving. The comparison, contrast and evaluation of the PBL process is conducted with traditional learning of reading and memorizing. The traditional learning method quite synchronized with read one particular topic, learn the basics, and memorize in the process. The PBL learning is supported with identifying the problems inside the learning and then resolving them. It is more of a dynamic yet logical way to learn the course with extensive research and analysis of the topics. The second objective is aligned with the articles point of view and understanding. The second article suggests that the learner will clearly facilitate the learning; they must be self-directed and self-regulated with the study, and ill-structured learning will lead to queries (Savery 2015). The cognitive monitoring of the teaching is supported with effective learner-centered approach. The learning process of PBL should not be confused with teaching and problem solving, as the third objective states and the third one is aligned with PBL sessions. The PBL technique application is more sufficient with committing all the learners in all levels. The assessment of the learning process should be emphasized without matching the outcomes in other problem-based problems. In this context, the learning process of Physics is evaluated with content knowledge and application of realistic problems. The natural learning process is sufficient with cooperating and demonstrating the methods along with general issues detected. The main limitation in Problem-Based Learning is identified to be improperness in the undergraduate learning curriculum. The learning process is still not suitable for undergraduate students, and the problem is echoed in the professional organizations and medical institutions, hence further research scope stays. The fourth objective is aligned with this articles reviewed limitations and future scopes as well. The adaptability in the smaller learning institution still stays with the application of new knowledge and information. The learning process is still important with the current and future PBL study along with engagement in solution-seeking approach. The third article suggests the learning can be expanded with researching and reviewing of the essential literatures (Frambach et al. 2012). The research can be performed as primary and secondary data collection. The collected data are then analyzed according to the learning culture. The new research scope of the PBL process of learning may be with identifying the culture and social responsibilities. The new learning process should incorporate the cultural understanding and self-directed. The methods utilized in PBL and specific expertise developments are supported with critical thinking, problem solving, and effective communication skills, as the third objective is identified with the study. References Frambach, J.M., Driessen, E.W., Chan, L.C. and van der Vleuten, C.P., 2012. Rethinking the globalisation of problemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based learning: how culture challenges selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ directed learning.Medical education,46(8), pp.738-747. Wood, E.J., 2015. Problem-based learning: Exploiting knowledge of how people learn to promote effective learning.Bioscience education. Savery, J.R., 2015. Overview of problem-based learning: Definitions and distinctions.Essential Readings in Problem-Based Learning: Exploring and Extending the Legacy of Howard S. Barrows, pp.5-15. Barrett, T. and Naughton, C., 2014. Problem-based learning.Integrative Learning: International Research and Practice, p.43.